Porney's Syllabaire française, or French spelling book …

              I
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
LIBRARIES
RAUCrHOH
^H ciftOJi^T^^^
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J. y^ I\L\ i^l'^
SYLLABAIRE FMN^AIS,
FEENCH SPELLING BOOK,
REVISED, CORRECTED, AND IMPROVED.
WITK THE ADDITION OF
THE MOST NECESSAEY VERBS, ADJECTIVES, AND
IDIOMATICAL PHRASES, "
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
BY J. MEIER,
LATE PROFESSOR OF FRENCH AND GERMAN IN TALE UNIVEKSITY.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & C^O.
TS57.
Knterbu, accorainp^ to Act ol Congreas, m tne year 1834, by E. J. Uoalk
& <^"^o . in tlie Clerk's Office of tlie District Court of Maryland.
^
fEB 11 '75
M S-T
ADVERTISEMENT.
This eaition of Forney's French Spelling Book is much
unproved, by having annexed Mr. Pasquier's translation
of Mrs. Barbauld's Lessons ; by a Treatise on the Gender
of Nouns ; by a collection of Ihe most difficult Idiomatical
Phrases, and by other impr rtant additions to the original
^ork. A few unimportant words in the long spelling
lessons, have been omitted ; but a sufficient number is
retained to answer all good purposes. By these additions
the work is not only greatly improved, but somewhat
enlarged.
Digitized by tbe internet Archive
in 2010 wit«h funding from
Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation
http://www.archive.org/details/porneyssyllabairOOporn
PREFACE,
BY MR. FORNEY.
That reading, with propriety, is the basis cf modern
languages, every individual must admit ; notwithstanding
this acknowledgment, daily experience furnishes us with
sufficient proofs of its being very little attended to, by
most of the French teachers.
I would not, however, be understood, that there are not
to be met with, learned, skilled, and careful French mas-ters
; I speak only of the greatest part of them ; and I
may venture to say, that many would be found, upon a
strict examination, very deficient in their methods, or
rather their manner of teaching : to this deficiency, I
imagine, may be not improperly attributed the slow or
little progress their scholars usually make in our language
;
though admitting that Nature be not equally lavish of her
favours to every individual, yet time and a good master, if
the latter will take pains to instruct his pupils, will go, as
it has often been experienced, a great way towards the
acquisition of those endowments, which nature has with-holden
from them.
I might, in this place, be expected to point out those
faults and defects, in the general method of teaching, which
obstruct the progress of the learners ; but, lest I should
give ofience to anybody, I will content m3'-self, with offer-ing
the following one, which, till French teachers can pro-
•ect a better of their own, they have my pressing desire
to make use of. And, at the same time, I beg they may
be assured, that, if they sufier no infringement upon it, it
will very likely answer three beneficial purposes, viz.
speedier improvement in their pupils—consequently more
6
credit to ihemselves,—and a greater satisfaction in then
occupation.
When learners are first taught the names of the letters
of the alphabet, the greatest pains should be used to make
them pronounce each letter properly ; neither should they
be taught more than eight at a time : when perfect in
these, go on with eight more ; then let the whole sixteen
be added together, continuing in this manner till they have
learned the whole.
This method, all must allow, is more easy and more
certain than teaching beginners, and especially young
ones, the whole number of letters at once, which are too
many for them, to retain the right pronunciation of their
names. When this is effected, it is necessary that the
pupil should be informed, 1st, That those names are given
to letters only for the sake of reminding him of their form,
since some of them can be made no rational use of at all
in reading, particularly, the name of some of the con-sonants.
2dly, That the letters are divided into vowels
and consonants, which, when joined together, compose
syllables ; as in the words ba-ni, co-ri-ge ; &c. and that
each distinct syllable is to produce a distinct sound.
After this, in order to accustom learners to unite the
idea of the sounds of letters to their appearance, they
should be taught to pronounce, without spelling, the syl
lables or combinations of the letters. To proceed other-wise,
that is, to induce them to form several sounds in
those syllables, which have but one, is to throw obstacles
in their way, and retard their progress. Is it not, in fact
falling into this error, when we teach a person to spell, be
a, in order to pronounce ba ; or be, ell, a, enn, ce, for pro-nouncing
blanc ? Who does not perceive the real difficul-ties
which are to be met with in this last mentioned man-ner
of spelling ? What person is there, who does not see
clearly the propriety of teaching young learners to pro-nounce
syllables according to the sounds they serve to
denote ? As to the monosyllables, or words of one sylla-ble,
young people will hardly find any difficulty with the
manner of pronouncing them, provided they are cautioned
to observe before they read them ; 1st. That most of our
final consonants are not pronounced, particularly, d, g, p
s, t, X, z, except the word following begins with a vowei
or h mute, that is, h not aspirated. 2dly. That our sylla-ables
form oral, nasal, and liquid sounds ; the oral being
those whose air, which constitutes them, passes entirely
through the mouth ; as in bas, cle, pis, dort, fait, jeu, &c.
The nasal, those whose air is emitted through the mouth,
and partly through the nose, as in grand, cent, fin, nom,
hmn, faim, lien, &c. And the liquid, those which resul*
from the concurrence of gn, or that of il, the pronuncia-tion
of which ought to be, generally speaking, glib, and
gliding.
Should learners meet with difficulties herein, it would
be proper to make them read these words over again tiL
they become perfect in them before thev are suffered to
proceed to the essays on readmg, which are annexea to
this class of words. In readmg dissyllables, trissyllables
&.C. it will be easy for teachers to make their scholars un-derstand,
that instead of the division, they should sub-stitute
the simple or articulated sound which is represented
by the letters that are annexed to it, and read the word
all together: and that these divisions are inserted only for
the sake of facilitating the syllabisation, if I may be al-lowed
the expression. They should then be made to read
at first, cha-peau, ba-di-ne ; and afterwards, without stop-ping,
chapeau, badine ; and apply what has been said con-cerning
words of one syllable, to the reading of those of
several syllables. By thus leading them from one class
to another, they may soon, and easily, be qualified to read
the most difficult words.
Add to this, that as soon as young persons are able to
read words of two syllables, they may be directed to get
by heart, twice or thrice in a week, half a page of these
words : and if they can write, to copy them, place the
accents, and divide the syllables, as they find them in
their respective classes. This method of transcribing,
will be of the utmost service to them, and will impress
them much better on their memory than if they were to
read them ten times over successively.
When they are come to the end of the spelling-book,
t would be very useful, if the teacher approve of it, to
go over the different essays on reading, and in so doing
8
to apply to each of them the observations and rules con-tained
in the second part, which is entitled, Analyse des
sons, &c. making at the same time one letter, with its
various sounds and uses, the subject of a lesson : for, as
our alphabet contains but twenty-five letters, we are oblig-ed,
in order to indicate other sounds, to alter the pronun-ciation
of some of them, by the cedilla, different accents,
and even several combinations of vowels.
I shall conclude with giving such directions for reading
with propriety, as must be greatly advantageous, not only
to young beginners, but also to many others, although they
may have made some progress in our language.
i
RULES
TO SB
OBSERVED FOR READING WITH PROPRIETY.
1. Read slow, and with a great deal of attention, as there
arc several inconveniences attending fast reading; for you
will not only be liable to make many mistakes, but per-haps
learn to stammer ; neither is it possible for you to
pronounce at first, what you are reading, so distinctly as
you ought.
2. If you are not sure of knowing how to read a word
at first sight, do not guess at the pronunciation of it, lest
you should contract the bad custom of miscalling words ;
but spell it within yourself, before you offer to pronounce
it with a loud voice.
3. Be verj'' careful in minding your stops, as they are
pointed ; or else neither you that read, nor those that
hearken to you, wiU be able to make sense of your read-ing.
4. Never make any stops between your words where
there are none introduced ; neither utter hemms, nor haas,
ptill observing to pronounce what you read with ease, and
in the same manner as if you were holding a familiar
conversation.
The result of these general rules is, that your pronun-viation
ought to be natural ; that is to say, without art or
ifectation ; clear, that is to say, distinct and intelligible ;
smooth, that is to say, without any constraint or hesitation
THE FRENCH ALPHABET.
A oh
B bay
C say
D day
E a
F eff
G jay
H ash
I c
J ......... yee
K /fcoA
L ell
M
N erm
O o
P jo«y
Q hi
R err
S ess
T tay
U 00
V vay
X ccA"s
Y e{grec)
Z zaid
A collection of almost all
Language which are to
is to say, with one
the moTiosyllables in the French
be read without being spelt, thai
e of the voice.
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
^(il) Has (he) bans banns.
d at, to. beau fine.
ais shelf. beaux (pi.)
an year. bel fine.
arc bow. bien (bien) well.
art art. bis (bi) brown.
an to the bon good.
au2 (pi.) blanc (blan) white.
Bac Ferry-boat. bled (ble) corn.
bai
'^ bay. bleu blue.
bal ball. bleux (pi.)
bard hand-barrow bloc block.
bas stocking. blond fair.
bain bath. bceuf ox.
banc (ban) bench. bois (o-a) wood or woods.
11
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
bon good. chou cabbage.
herd edge, brink. Christ (fcrist) Christ.
^ourg borough. ciel heaven.
bous boU (I.) cieux (j)l)
bout end. cinq live.
bras arm. clair clear.
bref brief. clef icle) key.
brin slip. clerc {cler )
clerk.
broc {bro) jug- clos close.
brun brown. clou nail.
brut rough. ccBur {/ceur) heart.
bu drunk. coin corner
buis box. col neck.
Camp Camp. cor corn.
cap cape. corps (car) body or bodies.
car for. cond-elle? sews-she?
cas case or cases. coup stroke.
ce this, that. cour yard.
ceint girded. cours course or run.
cent hundred. court short.
cerf hart. cri cry.
ces these, those. croix (p-a) cross or crosses.
cet this, that. cm grown.
ceux those. cuir leather.
chair flesh. cuit cooked.
champ field. cul (cm) bottom.
chant singing. Daim {daing)1 Deer.
char chariot. dais canopy.
chat cat. dam damage.
chaud warm, hot. dans in, into.
chaux lime. dard' {dor) dart.
chef chief. de of, or from.
cher dear. dent {dan) tooth.
chez at, to. des of the
chien dog. des from.
ch(Bm(keur) choir. de3 {de) dice.
choc shock. deux two.
choir (o-a) fall. Dieu God.
iKjix (o-a)1 choice. dix ten.
12
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
doigt (o-a) finger. fleur flower.
don gift. flot billow.
done then. foi (o-a) faith.
dont whose. foin hay.
dos back or backs. fois time or times
dot (dote) portion fol fool.
doux sweet. fond bottom.
drap cloth. fort very.
droit (o-a) right. fou fool.
dru thick. four oven
du of the or some frais fresh.
da owed. franc free.
dur hard. frit fried.
dut owed-he. froc frock.
Eau Water. froid (o-a) cold.
eaux (pi.)
en (an)
et (e)
frnnf forpliporl
in, into.
IIUIIL
fruit fruit.
and. Gai Gay.
eu had. gain gain.
eus had-I. gant glove
eut had-he. gens aeople
eux them. git ies.
Faim Hunger. gland acorn
faon (fan) fawn. gond hinge
fard paint. gourd stifi:
fat (fate) foppish gotit taste.
faut must. grain corn. ^-J
faux false. grand great #n^W
fer iron. gras fat.
feu fire. gre will.
feux (pi.) Grec Greek.
fiel gall. gres stone.
fier proud. gris gray.
^(file) thread. groin snout
fin end. gros big
*fils (fi ovfils) son or sons. gue ford.
flair scent. guet (gue) watch.
flan. custard. gueux beggar
flanc-j^a/i. flank. ' Heart Knock.
• The / is mute aud the s is sounded.
IS
FRENCH ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
hier yestesday. moms less.
' hors out. mois {o-a) month, months.
' houx holly. mol soft.
Jeu Game. mon my.
Jong ring. mont mount.
jour day. mors bit.
jus
Lac
gravy. mort death.
Lake. mot word.
lacs (la) snare. mou soft.
laid ugly- muid hogshead.
lait milk. mur waU.
lard bacon. mur ripe.
legs (le) legacy. Nain Dwan.
lent slow. ne born.
lieu place. ne not, no.
loi (o-a) law. nef body of a church.
loix, pi. nerf sinew.
loin far. net clear.
long long. neuf new.
lors then. nez {ne) nose.
lot lot. ni nor.
loup wolf. nid nest.
lourd heavy. noeud knot.
lui him. noir {o-a) black.
Ma My. non no.
main hand. nos our.
mais but. nous we.
mal evil. nud naked.
marc {mar) weight. nuit night.
mat mast. nul none.
maux bad. (Euf Eg?,
me me. oint anomted
mer sea. on they.
mes {me) m.y. or gold.
miel honey. or therefop
mien mine. OS bone.
mieux better. ou or.
mceurs manners ou where.
moi {o-a) me oui yes.
14
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
Pain Bread. rang rank.
pair eouple. rien (nen) nothing.
paix peaee. rieur laughter.
pal pale. roi (ro-a) king.
pan lappet. rot belch.
par by. r6t roast meat.
pare park. roux ruddy.
peau skin. sa his, her.
peaux (pZ.) sac bag.
pied (pie) foot. sacs {sak) bags.
plan plan. sain wholesome.
plat dish. saint holy, saint.
plein full. sang blood.
pleur tear. sans without.
pii plait. sauf safe.
plus more sceau seal.
plomb (plon) lead. sec dry.
poids (o-a) weight. sein bosom.
poil hair. seing signature.
point stop. sel salt.
pois Dea or peas., sens sense or senses
pont Dridge. ses his or her.
pore pork. seul alone, only.
port harbour. si if.
pot pot. sien his own.
pour for. sieur master.
pres near. six six.
pret ready. soi (o-a) one-self.
pris taken. soir (o-a) evening.
prix {pri) price or prices sueur sister.
pur pure. son sound.
quand when. son his, her.
quant as for. sont are-they.
quart quarter. sors go out (I.)
que that. sort fate.
quel what. sot fool.
qui who sou penny.
quint. fifth. sous» under.
quoi (ko-a) what suif taUow.
15
FRENCH. ENGLISH, FRENCH. ENGLISH.
sur upon. veau calf.
sfir sure. veaux-/?/. calves.
tard late. vent wind.
te thee. ver warm.
teint complexion, verd green.
tel such. vers towards.
terns m temps time or times, veuf widower.
the tea. vieux old.
tors twisted. vif quick.
tort wrong. vil vile.
tot soon. vin wine.
tout aU. vis {vice) screw.
tous-^Z. VOBU vow.
toux cough. vceux-jf?^.
train course ofr train voir (o-cr) to see.
trait dart. voix io-a) voice or voices.
tres very. vol theft.
va go- vos your.
vain vain. vrai true.
val dale. vu seen.
van fan yeux eyes.
LessoTis of Words of one Syllable.
FIRST LESSON.
n n'y a qu'un seul Dieu
;
il est le Roi des rois, et le
Saint des saints.
Dieu est si bon qu'il me
fait tons les jours du bien ;
de lui je tiens tout ce que
j'ai ; sans lui je ne puis
rien ; il sait tout ce que
je fais et ce que je dis ; et il
voit a a fond de mon cceur.
Pres de lui, les rois'sont
moius que rien.
There is only one God ;
he is the King of kings, and
the Saint of saints.
God is so good that he
loads me every day with
kindness ; from him I re-ceive
all ; without him I can
do nothing ; he knows all
that I do, and whatever I
say ; his eye sees to the
bottom of my heart.
Near him kings are less
than nothing.
16
Ses mains ont fait tout
ce que je vois de bon et de
beau ; en un mot tout est
plein de son saint nom.
Ne fais point le mal. mais
le bien ; car qui fait bien,
plait a Dieu ; mais qui fait
mal, ne craint pas Dieu»
et a grand tort.
Tons nos pas vont vers
la mort ; mais quand on vit
bien, on nela craint pas.
His hands have made
all I see that is good and
fine ; in a word, all is full
of his holy name.
Don't do what is bad, but
do what is good : for who-soever
does good, pleases
God; but whosoever does
bad, does not fear God, and
acts very wrong.
All our steps move to-wards
death ; but those who
live well, are not afraid of it.-
SECOND LESSON.
Ne fais point de cas du
mal que Ton dit de toi ; et
fais de bon coeur tout ce que
tu dois.
Tiens-toi pres de ceux qui
sont gens de bien ; et si tu
les crois tels, ne sois point
du tout las de les voir.
On ne plait pas tant par
ce que Ton dit, que par ce
que I'on fait, tin don en
vaut deux, quand on le fait
de son chef; il en vaut cent,
quand on le fait de bon
coBur.
Lorsque Ton sent que
Ton est bon, on ne Test past
long tems ; mais, des qu'on
le dit, on ne Test plus du
tout.
Le jeu ne vaut rien ; je
plains ces gens que Ton
voit par-tout, et tous les
jours au jeu, ils font du jour
la nuit, et de la nuit le jour.
Do not mind what one
may say of thee ; and do
heartily whatever thou hast
to do.
Keep company with such
as are good ; and if thou
knowest them to be so, never
be tired of seeing them.
We do not please so
much by what we say, as
by what we do. A gift is
worth two when freely giv-en
; it is worth a hundred
of them, when it is made
heartily.
When a man knows he
is good, he does not remain
long so ; if he declares it,
he is so no longer.
Gaming is good for no-thing
; I pity those who are
every day gaming ; they
turn day into night and
night into day.
n
Quand on perd, on est
tout hors de soi ; on se sent
le coeur tout en feu ; on la
voit a nos yeux ; on ne salt
plus ce que Ton dit ni ce
que Ton fait ; ce sont la les
beaux fruits du jeu.
When a man loses, he is
quite mad ; he feels his
heart heated, which is
known by his looks ; he no
longer knows what he says,
nor what he does ; these are
the consequences of gaming.
Tn order to read and pronounce well the following njoords^
Learners should notice the subsequent observations :
1st. The Diphthong oi is pronounced like o-2itn several words,
and in others, it takes only the sound of e, with the grave
accent; as may be seen by referring to the display of our
Diphthongs, p. 7.
EXAMPLES.
Prononcez o-a. Prononcez e*
Avoir, Trottoir,
Chassoir, Hachoir,
Devoir, Lavoir,
Avals, Trottais,
Chassais, Hachais,
Devait, Lavait
2c?/y. When a syllable terminates with an e not accented, the
foregoing consonant is to be pronounced strongly, and
the e is to have no sound.
"Ecrivez
EXAMPLES.
Lisez. Ecrivez.
Aime, Aim. Fausse, Fauss,
Bande, Band. Gene, G^n.
Cuve, Cuv. Huppe, Hup.
Dire, Dir. Juste, Just.
Faire, Fair. Perle, Perl.
Lisez,
* The final consonant of these and the like words is not pro-
Bounced.
2*
18
Sdly. These three letters ent must not be pronounced at the
end of a word with which the personal Pronoun ils and
elles {they) do or can agree.
EXAMPLES.
ils ou elks, lAsez, ils ou elles, Lisez.
Ai-ment, aim. For-ment, form
Bor-dent, bord. Gar-dent, gard.
Cou-rent, cour. Hu-ment, kum
Dres-sent, dress. Ju-rent, jur.
Eus-s^nt, euss. Vi-vent, viv.
4thly. The letter s between two vowels is generally pro*
nounced^ like the letter z.
EXAMPLES.
Ecnvez. Li^ez. Ecrivez. Lisez.
Aise,
Baisa,
Choisi,
Desir,
Ais^e.
Baiza.
Choizi.
Dezir.
Fraise,
Grison,
Nasal,
Vase,
Fraize.
Grizon.
Nazal.
Vaze.
bthly. When there are two dots auer a vowel, it must
made a distinct syllablefrom that which precedes it.
Ecrivez.
Noel,
Saiil,
Lisez.
No-el.
Sa-ul.
EXAMPLES.
Ecrivez
Hai',
Laic,
Lisez.
Ha-i.
La-ic.
• There are some exceptions to this rule, which are Inserted tn the
dissartation on this letter.
19
French Words of Two Syllables.
With the English Signification to each Word.
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
A.-gneaii Lamb. bou-quet(^e) nosegay.
a-mi friend. bou-ton button.
a-vis advice. Ca-chet Seal.
ac-ces access. ca-chot dungeon.
ac-teur actor. cal-me calm.
ac-tif active. cam-pe encamped.
ad-mis admitted can-deur candour.
ai-greur sourness. cap-tif captive.
ai-ne eldest son. cau-se (ze) cause.
ai-se {ze) easy. cau-se caused.
am-bre amber. cer-cle circle.
an-chois (o-a)1 anchovy. chai-se (ze) chair.
aii'-neau ring. cham-bre chamber.
ar-bre tree. chan-ge changed.
ar-gent {jan) silver. chan-son song.
ar-me armed. chan-te sung.
as-saut assault. chan-teur singer.
as-sez (se) enough. char-bon coal.
as-sis seated. char-mant charming.
au-cun any. chas-seur hunter.
au-pres near. che-min way.
au-tour about, round,, cher-cher to seek.
Ba-bil Prattle. chi-che stingy.
ba-din playful. cho-que (ke) shocked.
bai-se (ze) kissed. ci-seau (zo) chissel.
bal-con balcony- clar-te clearness.
b'an-quet {Id) banquet. clo-che ben.
bar-be beard. cle-ment merciful.
bas-sin basin. cloi-tre (o-a) cloister.
beur-re butter. clou-e nailed.
bi-ble bible. co-cher coachman.
bi-jou jewel. co-chon hog, pig.
blan-cheur whiteness. coif-fe (p-a) hood.
bles-se wounded. com-te county.
bou-che mouth. cou-leur colour.
^
FRENCH.
cou-teau
crain-dre
cre-dit
cro-chet [she)
croi-re (o-e)
crou-te
cru-che
cu-ve
cu-veau
cul-te
Da-mas
dan-ger (je)
de-bout
de-gu
de-cret (ere)
de-dans
de-gout
de-gre
de-ja
de-sir (zir)
des-sous
des-sus
des-tin
de-voir {o-d)
dis-cours
doc-teur
don-ne
don-nant
dor-mant
dor-meur
dou-ble
dou-ceur
dou-teux
dou-ze
dra-gon
du-rant
E-bats (e)
e-clair
e-crit
ENGLISH.
knife.
to fear.
credit.
hook.
to believe.
crust.
pitcher.
large tub.
small tub.
worship.
Damask.
danger.
standing.
deceived.
decree.
within.
disgust.
degree.
already.
desire.
under.
upon.
destiny.
to owe.
discourse.
doctor.
given.
giving.
sleeping.
sleeper.
doubled.
sweetness.
doubtful. •
twelve
dragon.
during.
Sport.
lightning.
written.
FRENCH.
e-dit
ef-fet
ef-fort
em-pli
em-plir
em-ploi {p-a)
en-ceint
en-cens
en-cre
en-fant
en-fer
en-fle
en-fler
en-tre
en-tre
er-rant
er-reur
es-poir (o-a)
es-sai
ex-act
ex-ces
ex-ploit {o-a)
ex-trait
Fa-ce
fa9on
fai-re
far-deau
fer-me
fes-tin
flai-rer
flam-beau
flan-que
fle-chi
fleu-ri
fai-ble {fe)
for-me
for-me
for-ment
four-gon
ENGLISH.
edict.
effect.
endeavour.
filled up.
to fill up.
employ.
enclosed.
incense.
ink.
child.
heU.
swelled.
to swell.
between.
entered.
wandering
error.
hope.
essay.
exact.
excess.
exploit.
extract.
Face.
fashion.
to make.
burden.
shut.
feast.
to smell.
torch, link
flanked.
bent.
blossomt* •
weak.
form.
formed.
form, they
poker.
/'
ENGLISH.
frock.
strawberry.
French.
to tremble.
brother.
to curl.
frugal.
frustrated.
smoker.
ferret.
gun.
Pledge.
cake.
joy or lad.
guarded.
left.
frozen.
to groan.
rack, pain.
gender.
ice.
frozen.
gleaner.
glory.
glutton.
clammy.
gulf.
throat.
grace.
hail.
bigness.
Coat.
romancer.
ax.
minced.
to hate.
hatred.
* Such words as are preceded
initial h aspirated : but, in other
FRENCH.
four-reau
frai-se (ze)
Fran-9ais (se)
fre-mir
fre-re
fri-ser, (ze)
fru-gal
frus-tre
fu-meur
fu-ret (re)
fu-sil (Ji)
Ga-ge
ga-teau
gar-9on
gar-de
gau-che
ge-le^
ge-mir
ge-ne
gen-re
gla-ce
gla-ce
gla-neur
glo-ire (o-a)
glou-ton
glu-ant
gol-fe
gor-ge
gra-ce
gre-le
gros-seur
Ha-bit
' hableur*
* ha-che
' ha-che
' ha-ir
' hai-ne
FRENCH.
' har-di
* har-pe
' hau-teur
he-las
her-be
her-bu
heu-re
heu-reux
' hi-deux
hi-ver
h'6-te
hom-me
hon-neur
'honte
'hon-teux
hor-reur
hu-main
hum-ble
hym-ne
Ja-loux
ja-mais
jam-be
jar-din
jau-ge
jau-ne
je-ter
Jeu-di
join-dre
jou-ant
jou-e
jou-er
jou-eur
jou-jou
joy-eux
ju-ge
Juil-let (u-i)
ju-meau
by the inverted
words, the letter
ENGLISHa
bold,
harp,
height,
alas.
grassy.
hour.
happy.
hideous.
winter.
landlord.
man.
honour.
shame.
bashful.
horror.
human.
humble.
hymn.
Jealous.
never.
leg.
garden.
gauged.
yellow.
to throw.
Thursday.
to join.
playing.
played.
to play.
gamester.
toy.
joyful.
judged.
July.
twin.
comma, have the
h is mute.
\,
FRENCH. FRENCH.
ju-re sworn. men-ton
ju-reur
jus-que
swearer. mi-roir (o-a)
until. mon-de
jus-te just. mor-ceau
La-bour Plowing. mous-quet(^e
la-ce laced. mous-se
la- cat {ce) lace. mu-et (e)
M-che loose. mu-tin
la-.che loosed. Na-geur
lai-de ugly. na-if
lai-deur ugliness. na-tif
lan-gue tongue. na-vet (ye)
lar-cin theft. nat-te
lar-geur breath. nat-ter
lar-me tear. ne-ant
le-gon lesson. ne-veu
lec-teur. reader. nei-ge (ne)
let-tre letter. ner-veux
li-bre free. neu-tre
lin-ge linen. ni-veau
?o-ge lodged. no-ble
lo\-siT{!o-azir) leisure. no-ces
lon-gueur. length. No-el
lus-tre lustre. nom-bre
ly-re lyre. nom-bre
Ma-gon {sm) Mason. nom-brer
ma-lin mischievous. nom-breas
ma-ri husband. nom-me
ma-tin morning. nom-mer
mai-son (son) house. nou-veau
mai-tre master. nul-le
mal-heur misfortune 0-deur
man-teau cloak. o-mis
mar-bre marble. ob-scur
mau-vais ill, bad or evil1 (EU-vres
me-chant wicked. oi-seau (o-a)
me-le mingled. om-bre
mem-bre limb. on-cle
^en-tir to lie. on-gle
ENGLISH.
chin.
looking gl iss
world.
bii o*- mouel
) musket,
moss.
dumb, mute
head-strong.
Swimmer,
ingenuous,
native,
turnip,
mat.
to mat.
nothing,
nephew,
snow,
nervous,
neuter,
level,
noble,
wedding.
Christmas,
number,
numbered,
to number,
numerous,
named,
to name,
new.
void, not one
Smell,
omitted,
obscure, aarn
works,
bird,
shadow,
uncle,
nail.
/
23
FRENCH. ENGLISH FRENCH. ENGLISH.
on-ze eleven. pu-deur bashfulness
or-dre order. pu-ni punished
or-gue organ. Qua-si (ka) Almost.
on-bli forgetfulness. ' qua-tre four.
ou-tre overstrained. quar-te quart.
ou-vert open. que-rir (ke) to fetch.
Pa-iais Palace. que-teur beggar.
pa-quet (ke) bundle. que-lle what.
par-fum perfume. quel-que (ke) some.
par-mi among. quoi-que (o-a:) although.
pas-feur pastor. Ra-bais Abatement.
pau-vre poor. rai-son {zon) reason.
pe-cheur fisherman. ran-gon ransom.
pe-cheur sinner. re-gu received.
peig-ne comb. rei-ne queen.
pein-tre painter. rem-pli
ren-dre
filled.
pen-sif thoughtful. restore.
per-dre to loose. ren-du restored.
pes-te plague. res-tant remaining.
pla-ce placed. res-te remained.
plai-re to please. res-ter to remain.
pleu-reur weeper. ri-che rich.
po-che pocket. ri-gueur rigor.
poi-vre [o-a) pepper. ris-que risk.
pom-me apple. ris-que ventured.
pom-pe pump. ris-quer to venture.
por-te door. rom-pu broken.
por-teur porter. ron-deur roundness.
por-trait picture. rou-ge red.
pou-dre powder. rou-geur redness.
pour-tant however. ru-ban ribbon.
pre-che preached. ru-rceur rumour.
pre-cher to preach. ru-ral rural
pres-que almost. ru-se {ze) cunning.
pres-sant pressing. Sa-ble Sand
preu-ve proof. sa-cre sacred.
pro-chain neighbour. sa-fran saffron.
pro-gres {^gre progress. sai-si (zi) seized.
pro-pre proper. sai-son {zon) season.
'M
san-glant bloody. trou-peau flock.
se-cret (gre) secret. ty-ran tyrant.
sel-le saddle. U-ni United.
sen-ti felt, smell. u-se (ze) worn out.
ser-pent(para)1 serpent Va-cant Vacant.
so-bre sober. va-che cow.
sol-dat soldier. va-se (ze) vessel, vase
som-bre dark. vain-cre to vanquish,
sou-dain sudden. vain-queur conqueror.
suc-ces success. vais-seau ship, vessel.
sus-pens suspense. ve-lours velvet.
Ta-bac Tobacco. ve-nir to come
ta-lon heel. ven-deur seller.
tam-bour drum. ven-geur revenger.
tan-te aunt. ver-tu virtue.
tein-te colouring vo-leur thief.
tre-sor (zor) treasure. voi-le (o-a) veiled.
trem-blant trembling. voi-sin [zin]) neighbour.
tri-but tribute. vol-can volcano.
trom-peur cheat.
Lessons of Words of One and Two Syllables
FIRST LESSON.
The Fable of the Dog and his Shadow.
Un chien ayant un bon
morceau de chair entre les
dents, passa sur le bord
d'un fleuve, ou il vit son
ombre, et celle du morceau
de chair.
II crut que c'etait un au-tre
chien, qui portait une
autre proie ; et, comme les
chiens sontfort gourmands,
il voulut la lui oter.
A Dog having a good
piece of flesh between his
teeth, went on the banks
of a river, where he espied
his own shadow, and like-wise
that of the piece of
flesh.
He thought it was another
dog, that was carrying an-other
piece of flesh ; and,
as dogs are great gluttons,
he wanted to snatch it from
him.
25
Mais il fut bien trompe
et enmemetemsbienpuni;
car il lachalemorceauqu'il
avait a la gueule, et ne put
se saisir de celui qu'il vou-lait
avoir.
Ainsi, tout surpris de la
perte qu'il venait de faire,
il dit ; 6 sot que tu es ! si
tu n'eusses pas ete si gour-mand,
il te serait reste
quelque chose entre les
dents, au lieu que tu te
trouves force de jeuner a
present.
But he was much deceiv-ed,
and at the same time
deservedly punished; for
he let go the piece he had
in his mouth, and could
not lay hold of that which
he wished to have
Being quite astonished
at the loss he had at that
moment sustained ; he said,
what a fool thou art ! hadst
thou not been so gluttonous,
thou wouldst still have had
something to eat, whereas
thou art reduced to fast at
this time.
MORAL.
Ne quittons pas le cer-tain,
crainte de perdre ce
que nous avons, et de ne
lien avoir.
Let us not quit a cer
tainty,' for fear we should
lose what we have, and
get nothing.-
SECOND LESSON.
The Fable of the Stag admiring his Horns.
Un cerf alia boire a une
source, dont I'eau etait fort
claire ; apres qu'il eut bu,
il se mit a s'y mirer, et prit
un grand plaisir a voir la
beaute de son bois.
Mais la joie qu'il en avait
se changea bientot en un
chagrin qui lui rongeait le
coBur, en voyant que ses
jambes etaient silongues et
si laides.
A stag went to drink at
a fountain, whose water
was very clear; after he
had drank, he viewed him-self
in it, and admired,
with pleasure, the beauty
of his horns.
But the joy he had of it
was very soon changed into
an uneasiness, which prey-ed
on his heart, when he
espied his long and ugly
legs.
26
Pendant qu'i? pensait a
ces choses, il survint un
chasseur, avec une meute
de chiens :
Aussi-tot le cerf s'enfuit,
et coure de toutes ses for-ces
vers une grande foret,
pour s'y cacher : mais com-ma
elle etait fort pleine
d'arbres, son bois, par mal-heur
pour lui, se mela par-mi
les branches, ce qui lui
6ta le pouvoir d'aller plus
loin, et le mit, dans cet
etat, en prise aux chiens.
Whilst he was thinking
on these things, a hunts-man
came up with his
hounds
:
Immediately the stag
went away, and ran to-wards
a great forest, to
hide himself in it; but i\
being very thick of trees,
his horns, unluckily for him,
were soon entangled in
the branches and prevent-ed
his running away, and
the dogs then laid hold of
him.
MORAL.
II ne faut ni louer ni
blamer une chose, sans
avoir connu a quoi elle
pent etre propre.
We must neither praise
nor blame any thing, until
we have known its proper
use.
Observations necessai-res
a faire a un ecolier,
pour prevenir qu^il ne pro-nonce
mal quelques mots.
1. Les diptbongues ia,
ie, ie, to, forment deux syl-labes
dans la poesie ; mais
dans la prose, on ne les y
prononce que cnmme une
syllabe, pourvu que ni la
lettre / ou r ne ies precede,
et que I'e de la syllable ie
ne soit point accentue, car
dans ce cas la. il en faut
toujours faire deux syl-labes.
Lorsque le t se
rencontre devant la com-binaison
des voyelles ia
Observations necessary
to be taken notice of by the
learner to prevent his mis-pronouncing
some words.
1st. The diphthongs ia, ie,
ie, io, form two syllables in
poetry; but in prose they
are usually considered as one
syllable only, provided they
be not preceded by either
the liquid letter / or r, and
that the e of ie be not accent-ed
; for in those cases they
always constitute two sylla-bles,
and must be pronounc-ed
accordingly. When the
letter t occurs before the
combination ofthe vowels ia,
27
ou ion, on e nfait ordinaire-ment
deux syllabes, et Toil
donne a ti, dans la plupart
de nos mots, I'articulation
de si.
or ion, we also generally
make two syllables of them,
and pronounce the syllable
ti in most French words *
like si.
Dia-de-me
Su-pli-e
Ac-ti-on
EXAMPLES.
ou-bli-a
pi-ti-e
fic-ti-on
de-cn-a
vio-len-ce
par-ti-al.
2o Dans la Dipthongue
ui, la voyelle u forme quel-quefois
un son separe de
Vi, et dans certains mots Vi
geul s'y fait entendre ;
2dly. In the Diphthong
ui, the 'vowel u forms
sometimes a sound distinct
from the t, and in some
words the i only is to be
pronounced ;
EXAMPLES.
ui Ai-gui ser, cui-si-ne, puis-san-ce,
i De-gui-ser, guir-lan-de qui-con-que,
sui-van-te,
vui-de-rent
3o La lettre / jointe a
one de ces Dipthongues ai,
ei, id, eui, oui, et uei, dans
une meme syllabe, produit
un son liquide ; et lorsqu'il
se trouve une autre Z a la
suite, dans le meme mot
elle participe du meme son,
quoiqu'elle appartienne a
la syllabe suivante.
.3dly. The letter I being
joined to the diphthongs,
ai, ei, id, eui, oui, or ud, in
the same syllable, requires
to be pronounced liquid;
and when another I imme-diately
follows it, in the
same word, we make it par-take
of th« same sound, al-though
it belongs to the
next syllable.
* The words wherein this pronunciation is not to be observed, are
those which have an s or an a: perfixed to ti ; as in Chris-ti-anis-me,
hcua-tion, mix-tion, and likewise in these two, viz. ga-li-ma-tias, bom-bast
; ti-are, a sort of diadem ; for the t must bfe articulated hard.
Gou-ver-nail,
Vieil-lis-sant,
EXAMPLES.
mu-rail-le,
feuil-la-ge,
ap-pa-reil,
rouil-lu-re,
bou-teil-le,
cueil-leu-se
French Wards of Three Syllables.
A-bat-tu
a-bais-ser
a-ban-don
a-beil-le
a-mi-ral
ap-pa-reil
ab-sen-ce
ac-ti-on (si)
ai-guil-le(t^-i)
al-pha-bet(Z>e)
am-bi-gu
an-ce-tres
ar-gu-ment
ar-ran-ge
au-da-ce
aug-men-te
aug-men-ter
Ba-lan-ce
ba-lan-ce
ba-lay-e*
ba-la-yer
ba-lay-eur
bail-le-ment
bar-bouil-le
bar-boLiil-leur
be-quil-les
blan-chis-seur
ENGLISH.
Lowered.
to debase.
to abandon.
bee.
admiraL
preparation.
absence.
action.
needle.
alphabet.
ambiguous.
ancestors.
argument.
set in order.
boldness.
augmented.
to augment.
balance.
balanced.
swept.
to sweep.
sweeper
yawning.
daubed.
dauber.
crutches.
bleacher.
FRENCH.
bou-teil-le
bou-ti-que
bril-lan-te
Ca-ba-le
ca-bi-net {ne)
cam-pe-ment
car-ros-se
cau-ti-on (si)
ce-le-brant
ce-le-bre
ce-le-bre
cha-gri-nant
cha-gri-ne
chan-del-le
char-la-tan
ci-men-te
com-bi-ne
com-men-ce
com-pe-tent
com-pi-le
com-pli-que
com-po-se [ze)
com-pro-mis
con-dui-te(z<-2)
con-fon-du
con-ju-guer
con-seil-lant
ENGLISH.
bottle.
shop.
shining.
Cabal.
closet.
encampment.
coach.
bail.
celebrating.
famous.
celebrated.
vexatious.
vexed.
candle.
quack.
cemented.
combined.
begun.
competent.
compiled.
complicated.
composed.
compromise.
conduct.
confounded
to conjugate.
advising.
* The letter y, in this and the following words, and when it occurs
between two vowels, assumes the sound of two i's ; therefore sav,
ha-lai-ie, &c.
29
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
* con-si-gne consigned. diph-thon-gue diphthong.
con-si-gnant consigning. dis-pa-ru disappeared.
con-train-te constraint. dis-pen-se dispensation.
con-trai-re contrary. dis-po-se {ze ) disposed.
cor-rom-pu corrupted. dis-si-pe dissipated.
cou-ron-ne crown. dis-so-Ju dissolute.
cri-ail-leur bawler. dis-tin-gue distinguished.
cri-mi-nel criminal. dou-lou-reux painful.
cui-si-ne {ui) kitchen. E-blou-i Dazzled.
cul-ti-ve tiUed. e-chan-ge exchanged.
Da-me-ret Spark. e-chauf-fe overheated.
dan-ge-reux dangerous. e-clip-se eclipsed.
de-bau-che debauched. e-cou-te heard.
de-bi-teur debtor. e-cou-ter to hear.
de-chai-ne unchained. e-cri-re to write.
de-char-ge unloaded. e-cri-te written.
de-cla-re declared. e-cri-vain writer.
de-cla-rant declaring. e-veil-le sprightly.
de-cli-ne declined. em-bar-quer to embark.
de-cli-ner to decline. em-bra-se(2e ) inflamed.
de-dai-gner to disdain. em-bra-sant inflaming.
de-fai-re to undo. em-bras-se embraced.
de-fen-seur defender. em-bras-sant embracing.
de-ga-ge disengaged. em-brouil-lyr to embroil.
de-gar-ni unfurnished. em-ploy-ant employing.
de-gui-se {ghi) disguised. en-sei-gne ensign.
de-mo-li demolished. en-chai-ne chained.
de-pe-che dispatch. en-dor-mi sleepy.
de-pen-se expense. en-ga-geant engaging.
de-pouil-ler to strip. en-join-dre to enjoin.
de-pri-mer to depress. en-sei-gnei to teach.
de-ran-ge disordered. en-sui-te {m) afterwards.
de-ro-be stolen. en-vi-ron about.
de-sar-me disarmed. es-pe-rer to hope.
des-se-che dried up. es-say-er to try.
des-si-ne drawn. ex-ac-te exact.
dif-fe-re deferred. ex-ci-ter to excite.
dif-fe-rent different. ex-cu-se (ze) excuse.
• III th">s Md the like words, gn alwayc n^oui
»nrp iiouid
between two Toweis, «»- iaro pronouiK-eil I'ke-
FRENCH. iEiVGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
gre-nouil-le frog,
guir-lan-de garland,
gut-tu-ral gutural.
Ha-bi-tant Inhabitant,
ha-bi-tant inhabiting.
ha-bil-]e dressed.
ha-is-sent(^75) hate, they.
' har-di-ment boldly.
' har-na-che hanessed.
'har-na-cher to harness,
he-ri-te inherited,
he-ri-ter to inherit.
heu-reu-se(2re )happy
.
his-toi-re (oa) history.
ex-em-ple
ex-pli-quer
ex-tor-que
ex-trai-re
Fa-bri-que
fa-bri-que
fa-gon-ner
fe-ne-tre
iic-ti-or (si]
fi-gu-re
fi-gu-rer
flo-ris-sant
fo-men-te
fo-men-ter
for-tu-ne
for-tu-ne
fou-droy-e
four-chet-te
frai-che-ment
fran-che-ment
frau-du-leux
fre-quen-te
fre-quen-ter
fri-cas-se
fruc-tu-eux
Ga-ba-re
ga-ran-ti
ga-ran-tir
gail-lar-de
gan-te-let (le)
ge-mis-sant
ge-ne-reux
glo-ri-eux
glu-ti-neux
gou-ver-nail
gou-ver-ne
gou-ver-ner
gran-de-ment
example.
to explain.
extorted.
to extract.
Fabric.
manufactured.
to fashion. *
window.
fiction.
figured.
to figure.
flourishing.
fomented.
to foment.
fortune.
fortunate.
thunderstruck.
fork.
freshly.
frankly.
fraudulent.
frequented.
to frequent.
fried.
profitable.
Lighter.
warranted.
to warrant.
sprightly
gantlet.
groaning.
gcD drous.
glorious.
glutinous.
rudder, helm.
governed.
to govern.
greatly.
hi-ver-ner
ho-no-re
ho-no-rer
ho-tes-se
*,hon-teu-se
hor-lo-ge
hor-lo-ger
' hur-le-ment howling.
Ig-no-rant Ignorant.
i-voi-re (oa)
im-mo-ler
to wmter.
honoured.
to honour.
landlady.
bashful.
clock.
clockmaker.
ivory.
to sacrifice,
im-par-fait imperfect,
im-plo-re implored,
im-po-li unpolite.
im-por-tun troublesome
im-pri-me printed,
im-pu-ter to impute,
in-flu-e influenced,
in-cli-ner to incline,
in-con-nu unknown.
in-cul-que(A:e)inculcated.
m-cul-te uncultivated
in-di-gent indigent,
in-di-gne unworthy.
• See the note on the aspiration of /t, which is annexed to page 21
31
FRENCH ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
iii-dis-cret [ere) indiscreet. me-moi-re {oa) memory.
in-dul-gent indulgent. men-son-ge lie.
in-fec-ter to infect. mer-veil-leux marvellous
in-fli-ger to inflict. meur-tri-er murderer.
in-ge-nu ingenuous. mon-ta-gne mountain.
in-jus-te unj ust. mu-rail-le wall.
in-no-cent innocent. mys-te-re mystery.
i-non-de overflowed. Na-tu-rel Natural.
iii-sen-se senseless. nar-ra-tif narrative.
ms-pi-rer to inspire. nar-ra-teur relater.
:ns-tal-le installed. ne-bu-leux cloudy.
ins-truc-tif instructive. ne-gli-ge neglected.
ins-trui-re (ui) to instruct. ne-gh-gent negligent.
in-sul-te insult. nom-me-meni namely.
in-sul-te insulted. Ob-li-gea Obliged.
in-tri-guant intriguing. o-bli-geant obliging.
Ja-lou-se Jealous. o-reil-le ear.
jeu-nes-se youth. o-reil-ler pillow.
jo-li-ment prettily. o-seil-le (zeil) sorrel.
joy-eu-se [ze) joyful. ob-sti-ne obstinate.
ju-ge-ment judgment. oc-ci-dent the west.
ju-ge-rent (ils) judged, they. oc-cu-pe busy.
jus-te-ment justly. ceil-la-de ogle, leer.
La-bou-reur Ploughman. of-fen-se offence.
la-ce-rer to tear. of-fen-se offended.
ia-che-ment cowardly. of-fen-ser to offend.
M-che-te cowardice. «f-fen-sif offensive.
lan-ga-ge language. om-bra-ge shaded.
lar-ge-ment largely. om-bra-ger to shade.
len-te-ment slowly. or-don-ner to order.
li-brai-re bookseller. or-gueil-leux proud.
lo-ge-ment lodging. or-phe-lin orphan.
loy-au-te loyalty. ou-bli-er to forget.
Ma-ga-sin Magazine. ou-ra-gan hurricane.
ma-gis-trat magistrate. ou-tra-ge outrage.
ma-jes-te majesty. ou-tra-geux Outrageous
main-te-nu maintained. ou-vri-er workman.
man-chet-te ruffle. Pa-pil-lon Butterfly.
me-de-cin physician. pa-res-seux lazy, idle
M
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH
par-ta-ge share, portion, ra-bo-te planed.
pas-sa-ble passable. ra-bo-teux rough.
pau-vre-te poverty. ra-che-te redeemed.
pen-du-le pendulum. re-che-ter to redeem.
per-met-tre to permit. ra-frai-chi cooled.
per-sua-der to persuade. ra-frai-chir to cool.
pi-geon-neau. young pigeon, ra-gou-tant relishing.
pil-la-ge plunder. rac-cour-cir to shorten.
pis-to-let (le) pistol. rai-son-ne reasoned.
plai-san-ter to jest. rai-son-ner to reason.
plau -si-ble plausible. ran-gon-ne ransomed.
pli-a-ble pliable. ran-gon-ner to ransom.
poin-til-leux punctilious. ray-on-nant radiant.
pour-sui-te pursuit. re-ce-veur receiver.
pour-sui-vre to pursue. re-cueil-li gathered.
pre-cc-der to precede re-cueil-lir to gather.
pre-cep-teur preceptor. re-don-dantr redundant.
pre-fe-rer to prefer. re-fle-chir to reflect.
pre-pa-re prepared. re-gar-der to look upon.
pre-ten-du pretended. re-gle-ment 'regulation.
pre-tex-te pretence. re-veil-le awaked.
pro-cu-reur attorney. rem-bour-se re-imbursed.
pro-lon-ge prolonged. ren-c©n-tre meeting.
pro-non-cer to pronounce.. ren-con-tre met,metwith.
pro-te-ge protected. ren-con-trer to meet with.
pro-te-geant protecting. res-sen-ti resented.
pro-vo-que provoked. res-sen-tir to resent.
Qua-ran-te Forty. ri-che-ment richly.
qua-tor-ze fourteen. ri-ches-se riches.
quan-ti-te quantity. roy-au-me kingdom.
que-rel-le quarrel. Sa-cre-ment Sacrament.
que-rel-le quarrelled. sa-ge-ment wisely.
que-rel-leur quarreller. scan-da-leux; scandalous.
que-rel-leux quarrelsome. scru-pu-le scruple.
quel-con-que whatever. scru-pu-leux scrupulous.
qui-con-que whosoever se-an-ce session.
quin-zai-ne fifteen. se-con-de seconded.
quit-tan-ce receipt. se-con-der to second.
Ra-bat-tu Abated. se-cou-er to shake.
m
FRENCH. ENGhlSh. FRENCH. ENGLISH
se-cou-rir tfl j^cx^pur. tra-dui-re(wi^) to translate*
se-cou-ru succoured. tra-fi-que to traffic.
sel-let-te ibw stool. tra-gi-que tragic^.
sem-bla-ble like. tra-hi-son treason.
sem-bkn-ce likeness. tra-vail-ler to work.
sen-si-ble sensible. tra-ver-se crossed.
sen-ten-ce sentence. tra-ves-ti disguised.
sen-ti-ment sentiment. trai-te-ment treatment
ser-via-ble serviceable. trans-for-me transformed.
sim-ple-ment: simply. trans-por-te transported.'- f
somp-tu-eux sumptuous. treil-lis-se latticed. ^
souf-fran-ce suffering. tres-sail-lant starting up.
fiou-hai-te wished. tris-te-ment sadly.
sou-hai-ter to wish. U-sa-ge (za) Usage*
sou-la-ge eased. u-si-te used.
sou-lig-ne underlined. u-sur»pe usurped.
soup-gon-ne suspected. u-sur-pant usurping.
sup-pli-ant intreating. Va-can-ce Vacancy,
su-re-ment surely. va-car-me uproar.
subs-tan-tif substantive. vail-lam-ment valiantly.
suc-ce-de succeeded. veu-va-ge widowhood.
sur-pre-nant surprising. vieil-lis-sant growing old.
sur-pren-dre to surprise. vil-la-ge village.
Ta-bli-er apron. vo-lon-te wiU.
ta-bou-ret stool. voy-a-geur traveller.
tem-pe-re temperate. Y-voi-re Ivory.
ten-dres-se tenderness. y-vres-se drunkenness.
ton-ner-re thunder. y-vro-gne drunkard.
tour-bil-lon whirlwind. Ze-la-teur Zealot
FIRST LESSON.
T%4 Fabk of the Crow emd the Pox.
Ud Corbeau s'etant per-ch
e sur un arbre, pour
manger un morceau de
fromage, qifil tenait en
son bee ; un Renard qui
I'apergut, fut lente de le
iui enlever. Ainsi, pour
arauser le Corbeau, il com-men9a
a le louer de son
plumage. Le Renard voy-ant
que le Corbeau prenait
gout a ses louanges, Iui dit
;
si votre voix est aussi belle
que votre corps est beau,
vous devez etre le plus joli
de toug les oiseaux.
Le Corbeau fut si con-tent
de ce compliment flat-teur,
qu'il ouvrit le bee
pour montrer qu'il avait la
voix beUe, et laissa tomber
le fromage ; le fin Renard
s'en saisit, et le mangea
aux yeux du Corbeau, qui
demeura tout honteux de
sa sottise.
A crow, having perched
herself on a tree, in order
to eat a piece of cheese
which she held in her bill
;
a fox that perceived her,
was tempted to take it away
from her. Therefore, with
an intention of alluring the
crow, he began to praise
her for the extraordinary
beauty of her feathers. The
fox seeing that the crow
took some pleasure in his
praises, said to her. if your
voice is as fine as your body
is beautiful, you must be the
most lovely of all birds.
The crow was so well
pleased with this flattering
compliment, that she open-ed
her bill in order to show
what a fine voice she had,
and let fall the piece of
cheese ; the cunning fox
immediately seized it, and
eat it in the crow's sight,
who was quite ashamed of
her folly.
MORAL.
Les flatteurs sont tres
dangereux ; il faut toujours
etre en garde centre eux.
Flatterers are very dan-gerous
; we should always
be upon our guard against
them.
m
SECOND LESSON.
The Fable of the Frog and the Ox.
Une Grenouille ayant
un jour apergu un Bceuf
qui paissait dans une prai
rie, se flatta de pouvoir
devenir aussi grosse que
cet animal. EUe fit de
grands efforts pour enfler
sa peau ridee, et demanda
alors a ses compagnes, si
sa taille commen9ait a ap-procher
de celle du Boeuf.
Elleslui dirent, que non.
EUe fit done de nouveaux
efforts pour s'enfler toujours
de plus en plus : et deman-da
encore une fois aux
Grenouilles, si elle egalait a
peupreslagrosseurduBoeuf.
Elles lui firent la meme
leponse que la premiere
(bis.
La Grenouille ne chan-gea
pas pour cela de des-sein,
elle persista ; mais le
dernier effort qu'elle fit
pour s'enfler fut si violent,
qu'elle en creva sur le
champ.
A Frog spying one day
an Ox m a meadow, fan-cied
that she could make
herself as big as that ani-mal.
She made great ef-forts
to swell the wrinkles
of her skin, and asked her
companions, whether her
size began to come near
that of the Ox.
They told her that it was
not. She therefore made
new efforts to swell herself
still more and more ; and
asked a second time of the
Frogs, whether she did
almost equal the bigness of
the Ox.
They made her the
same answer as they had
before.
The Frog did not, how-ever,
change her design
;
but the last effort which
she made to swell herself
was so violent, that she
burst immediately.
MORAL.
Les petits se ruinent Little folks ruin them-
Bouvent, quand ils veul- selves, when they attempt
ent aller de pair avec les to be upon an equality
Grands et les imiter. with the Great.
French Wptds of Fo^r SyUablts.
A. ban-don-na {il)
a-ban-don-ner
a-bon-dan-ce
ab-so-lu-ment
ac-ces-si-ble
ac-ces-soi-re (50-«)
ac-ci-den-tel
ac-co-mo-de
ac-co-mo-der
ac-cora-pa-gne
ac-com-pa-gner
ac-cou-tu-me
ac-cou-tu-mer
ac-cu-sa-teur {za)
ac-ti-vi-te
ad-mi-nis-tre
ad-mi-ra-teur
ad-ver-sai-re
af-fec-tl-on (si)
al-lon-ge-ment
am-bas-sa-de
am-bas-sa-deur
am-bi-gu-ment
am-bi-gui-te ''gti-i^
ar-che-ve-Ciie
ar-che-ve-que
ar-chi-tec-te {shi)
ai-ro-gam-ment
ar-ti-cu-le
ar-ti-cu-ler
as-sai-son-ne {zon)
as-sai-son-ner
as-sai-non-neur
as-si-dui-te ((lu-i)
as-su-jet-tir
as-tro-lo-gue
f)s-tro-rio-me
ENGLISH.
Abandoned {he)
to abandon.
abundance.
absolutely.
accessible.
accessary.
accidental.
fitted or drest.
to fit or dress.
accompanied.
to accompany.
accustomed.
to accustom.
accuser.
activity, briskness.
administered.
admirer.
adversary.
affection.
lengthened.
embassy.
ambassador.
ambiguously.
ambiguity.
archbishopric.
archbishop.
architect.
arrogantly.
articulated.
to articulate.
seasoned.
to season.
seasoner. •
assiduity.
to subdue.
astrologer.
astronomer.
37
FRENCH. Vfvi.K.ji^
au-di-toi-re (to-a) '
au-pa-ra-vant
au-then-ti-quer ,|i
Ba-di-na-ge
ba-ga-tel-le
ban-nis-se-ment
bar-ba-re-raent
bar-ba-ri-e
bar-ba-ris-me
bar-ri-ca-der
be-ni-gne-ment
be-ni-gni-te
bi-en-veil-lance
blan-chis-sa-ge
blas-ph e-ma-teur
bre-douil-le-ment
bre-douil-leu-se (zei
bru-ta-le-ment
bm-ta-li-te
Ca-bri-o-le
ca-bri-o-leur
ca-jo-leu-se (ze)
ca-ni-cu-le
cam-pa-gnar-de
cha-touil-le-ment
cin-quan-tai-ne (kan)
com-po-si-teur {zi)
con-fu-se-ment (ze)
con-ju-gai-son (zon)
con-jonc-ti-on (si)
con-nois-san-ce (nes)
con-sen-te-ment
con-si-de-rant
con-ta-mi-ne
con-ten-ti-on (si)
con-tri-ti-on (si)
con-tro-ver-se
con-tro-ver-se
ton-ver-si-ble
4
ENGLISH.
'"^.^ditory.
before.
to make authentic.
Play or Sport,
trifle.
banishment,
barbarously,
barbarity,
barbarism,
to barricade
kindly,
binignity.
good \^11.
"washing,
blasphemer,
stammering,
stammerer,
brutishly.
brutality.
Caper,
caperer.
wheedler.
dog-days,
country-woman,
ticking,
fifty.
compositor,
confusedly,
conjugation,
conjunction,
knowledge,
consent,
considering,
contaminated,
contention,
contrition,
controversy,
controverted,
conversable.
FRENCH. ENGLISH.
con-vic-ti-on (si) convictioiL
cor-res-pon-dant correspondent.
cre-pus-cu-le twiligj^.
cro-as-se-ment croaking.
Da-ri-o-le Custard
da-van-ta-ge nK)re.
dan-ge-reu-se {ze) dangerous.
de-bou-ton-ne unbuttoned.
de-ca-pi-te beheaded.
de-cli-nai-son {zon) declension.
de-con-seil-ler to dissuade.
di-mi-nu-e diminished.
di-mi-nu-er • to diminish.
di-rec-te-ment directly.
di-rec-ti-on (si) direction.
dis-tmc-ti-on (si) distinction.
dis-tri-bu-e distributed.
dis-tri-bu-er to distribute.
dis-tri-bu-teur distributer.
do-re-na-vant hereafter, henceforfli.
dou-teu-se-ment {ze) doubtful.
E-cri-toi-re (to-a) Inkhorn.
c-cri-tu-re writing.
em-pe-che-ment hindrance.
em-poi-son-neur poisoner.
em-pri-son-ne imprisoned.
en-tre-pri-se (ze) undertaking.
en-ve-lop-pe cover.
en-ve-lop-per to cover or wrap up
en-vi-ron-ner to environ, surround.
es-ca-la-der to scale, to climb.
es-cla-va-ge slavery.
es-pe-ran-ce hope or trust.
ex-em-plai-re exemplary.
ex-tre-me-ment extremely.
Fa-bu-leu-se Fabulous.
fa-ci-]e-ment easily.
fa-ci-li-te ease or easiness
fer-ti-le-ment fruitfully.
*^
FRENCH.
fer-ti li-se (ze)
fer-ti-li-ser
fer-ti-li-tp
fi-de-le-ment
fi-na-le-ment
fou-droy-an-te
Ga-lo-pa-de
gen-til-hom-me
gou-ver-nan-te
Ha-bi-ta-ble
ha-bi-tu-de
ha-bi-tu-el
' ha-is-sa-ble*
' hi-deu-se-ment
I-do-la-tre
i-gno-ran-te
il-li-ci-te
il-lu-mi-nent (ils)
im-mo-bi-le
in-con-stan-ce
in-con-stan-te
in-de-cem-ment
in-de-cen-ce
in-de-cen-te
in-dus-tri-eux
in-ge-nu-merit
in-ha-bi-te
in-ju-ri-eux
in-nom-bra-ble
in-sti-tu-er
in-ter-pre-te
Ja-lou-si-e {zi)
La-bo-ri-eux
las-si-tu-de '
lu-na-ti-que
Ma-gni-fi-que
ma-li-gne-ment
ENGLISH.
made fruitful.
to make fruitful.
fruitfulness.
faithfully.
finally.
thundering.
Galloping.
gentleman.
governess.
Habitable.
habit, use, custom
habitual.
hateful.
hideously, frightfully.
Idolater.
ignorant.
unlawful.
illuminate (they)
immoveable.
inconstancy.
inconstant.
indecently.
indecency.
indecent.
industrious.
ingenuously.
uninhabited.
injurious.
innumerable
to institute.
interpreted.
Jealousy.
Laborious.
weanness
lunatic.
Magnificent,
maliciously.
* See the note on the aspiration of h which is annexed to p 21.
40
FRENCH.
ma-tu-ri-te
me-chan-ce-te (sfum)
me-ca-ni-que [ha)
me-tho-di-que
mer-veil-leu-se (ze)
mul-ti-pli-e
Na-ti-on-al
ne-ces-si-teux
ne-gli-gem-ment
nou-vel-le-ment
Ob-la-ti-on ^^si)
oc-ci-den-tal
ou-ver-te-ment
Pa-ci-fi-^ue
pa-co-til-le
pa-reil-le-ment
pai-si-ble-ment {zi)
pre-ci-se-meji*
pre-di-ca-teur
pre-me-di-te
pre-me-di-tant
pro-fon-de-ment
Qua-ran-tai-ne (ka)
ques-ti-on-ner
ques-ti-on-neur
quo-ti-di-en
Ka-bais-se-ment
ra-pi-de-ment
re-com-man-der
re-cou-vre-ment
res-sou-ve-nir
res-tau-ra-teur
ri-gi-de-ment
rus-ti-ci-te
Sa-cra-men-tal
scan-da-li-se (ze)
scan-da-li-ser
se-che-res-se
se-con-de-ment {gon)
ENGLISH.
maturity.
wickedness.
mechanic,
methodical
marvellous.
multiplied.
National.
needy, poor
negligently.
newly.
Offering.
westerly or western
openly or publicly.
Pacific.
parcel of goods.
likewise.
quietly.
precisely.
preacher.
premeditated.
premeditating.
cjeeply,
Quarantine.
to question.
examiner.
daily or quotician.
Abatement.
rapidly.
to reccJnmend.
recovery.
remembrance.
restorer.
rigidly, strictly
clownishness.
Sacramental.
scandalized.
to scandalize.
dryness.
secondly.
4J
FRENCH. ENGLISH.
«e-cre-te-ment secretly.'
se-di-ti-eux (si) seditious.
sem-bla-ble-ment likewise.
so-lem-nel-le (la-nel) solemn.
soi-gneu-se-ment {ze) carefuly.
sol-li-ci-ter to solicit.
sol-li-ci-teur solicitor.
som-mai-re-ment summarily.
sou-hai-ta-ble desirable.
su-bi-te-ment suddenly.
suf-fi-sam-ment {zd)
suf-fi-san-ce (zan)
sufficiently.
sufficiency.
sur-na-tu-rel supernatural.
sur-vi-van-ce survivorship.
sus-crip-ti-on {si) superscription.
Ta-ber-na-cle Tabernacle.
te-moi-gna-ge (mo-a) testimony.
tra-duc-ti-on (d) translation.
tran-quil-le-ment quietly or peaceably.
U-na-ni-me Unanimous.
u-ni-que-ment only or entirely.
u-ni-ver-sel universal.
u-ni-vo-que univocal.
us-ten-si-le utensil, fttrniture.
Ve-ne-ra-ble Venerable.
ve-ri-ta-ble true.
ver-ba-le-ment verbally.
vi-gou-reu-se {ze) vigorous.
vi-si-ble-ment {zi) visibly.
vo-lu-mi-neux voluminous.
Vul-gai-re-ment
4*
vulgarly.
42
FIRST LESSON.
The Fable of the Fox and the Wolf.
Un Renard etant tombe
par hasard dans un puits,
etait sur le point de se
noyer, lorsqu'il aper9ut un
Loup sur le bord du puits.
II le pria instamment de
I'assister dans le peril
extreme ou il se trouvait,
et de lui jeter une corde
pour qu'il en pnlt sortir.
Le Loup, plaignant sa
disgrace, lui fit plusieurs
questions, pour savoir com-ment
il etait tombe dans
le puits. Ce n'est pas
maintenant le terns de me
questionner, ni de discourir,
repliqua le Renard, quand
vous m'aurez tire d'ici, je
vous expliquerai a loisir,
toutes les circonstances de
cette aventure.
A Fox having fallen by
chance into a well, was
on the point of being
drowned, when he per-ceived
a Wolf on the brink
of the well. He earnestly
begged of him to assist him
in this extreme danger,
and to throw him a rope
that he might get out of it.
The Wolf pitying his
misfortune asked him se-veral
questions, in order to
be informed how he had
happened to fall into the
well. It is not now a
time to question me, nor
to hold a discourse, replied
the fox ; when you have
drawn me out of the place
I will explain to you, at
leisure, all the circumstan-ces
of this accident.
II ne convient pas de
haranguer nos amis ni de
ieur faire des reprimandes
quand ils sont en danger.
II faut d'abord les secourir
et ensuite Ieur parler, si
Ton a quelque chose a Ieur
dire.
It is not fit to make long
speeches to our friends,
nor to reprimand them,
when they are in any dan-ger.
We must immediate-ly
assist them, and then
speak if we have any thing
to say to them.
43
SECOND LESSON.
The Fable of the Wild Boar and the Ass.
Un Ane ayant par ac-cident,
rencontre un San-glier,
eut I'impudence de
se moquer de lui et de I'in-sulter.
Le Sanglier fremissant
de courroux, et grin9ant
les dents, eut d'abord gran-de
envie de le mettie en
pieces ; mais, fesant aussi-tot
reflexion qu'un tel ani-mal
n'etait pas digne de sa
col ere et de sa vengeance,
il fie retint.
Miserable que tu es, lui
dit-il, je te punirais severe-ment,
si tu en valais la
peine ; mais je ne veux pas
me souiller du sang d'une
aussi vile bete. Tu n'es
qu'un Ane, et ta lachete
te met a convert de mes
coups, et te sauve la vie.
Apres lui avoir fait c-es re-proches,
il le laissa aller.
An Ass having accidentally
met with a Wild Boar, had
the impudence to deride
and insult him.
The Wild Boar foaming
with rage, and grinding his
teeth, had, at first, a great
mind to tear him in pieces;
but immediately reflecting
that such an animal was
not worthy his anger and
revenge, he refrained from
doing him any harm.
Poor wretch, said he to
him, I could severely pun-ish
thee for thy audacious-ness
if thou wert worthy
my notice ; but I will not
stain myself with the blood
of so mean a beast. Thou
art but an Ass, and thy
cowardice secures thee
against my revenge. After
having upbraided him so,
he let him go away.
Le mepris est 1' unique
vengeance que Ton doive
prendre d'un sot, ou d'un
malheureux. D'ailleurs, la
victoire que Ton remporte
sur un vil et faible ennemi,
est trop aisee, et ne fait
pas honneur.
Contempt is the only re-venge
which we ought to
take of a silly fellow, or of
an impudent wretch. Be-sides,
the victory which is
gained over a weak and j)al-try
enemy, is too easy, and
d"^s not procure honour.
44
THIRD LESSON.
TJie Fable of the Lion and the Rat.
l/ii Lion, fatigue de la
chaleur, et abatta de lassi-tude,
dormait a 1'ombre
d'un arbre. Un Rat, qui
le vit, lui monta sur le corps
pour se divertir.
Le Lion se reveilla,
etendit la patte, et s'en sai-sit
; le Rat se voyant pris,
et sans esperance d'echap-per,
demanda pardon au
Lion de son incivilite et
de sa hardiesse et le sup-plia
tres humblement, de
lui sauver la vie. Le Lion,
touche de cette soumission,
le ]aissa aller.
Ce bienfait ne fuf pas
perdu ; car, le Lion etant
tombe, quelques jours a-pres,
dans un filet, dont il
ne pouvait se debarrasser,
il se mit a rugir de toute
sa force : le Rat reconnois-sant
aux rugissemens du
Lion qu'il etait pris, accou-rut
promptement pour le
secourir ; il se mit aussitot
a ronger les mailles du filet,
et lui procura par la le
moyen de s' evader.
A Lion faint with heat
and -weary with fatigue
slept under a shady tree.
A Rat, that saw him, got
upon his back, to have a
little sport.
The Lion, waking, stretch-ed
his paw, and took him ;
the Rat finding himself ta-ken,
and without hopes of
escaping, asked the Lion's
pardon for his boldness, and
very humbly craved for his
life. The Lion, moved by
his submission, let him go.
This favour was not lost;
for th-e Lion, being caught
a few days after, in a net,
from which he could not
free himself, he began to
roar mightily : the Rat
knowing by the Lion's
roaring, that he was taken,
ran quickly to his assist-ance
; he began instantly
to gnaw the meshes of his
net, and thereby enabled
him to make his escape.
MORAL.
En excusant une petite
faute, an se procure sou-vent
r affection de celui a
qui Ton a pardonne.
By forgiving a small
fault we often secure the
affection of the transgres-
45
.^j{, ,, Frmch Words of Five Syllables.
FRENCH
Ab-so-lu-ti-on (si)
ac-com-plis-se-ment
ac-qui-si-ti-on (zi-si)
ad-mi-ra-ti-on (si)
al-le-go-ri-que
al-te-ra-ti-on {si)
ar-ti-li-ci-eux
as-tro-no-mi-que
Be-ne-dic-ti-on (si)
bi-bli-o-the-que
Ca-lom-ni-a-teur
ce-re-mo-ni-eux
cha-ri-ta-ble-ment
chris-ti-a-nis-rae {cris)
cir-con-spec-ti-on (si)
clan-des-ti-ne-ment.
con-gre-ga-ti-on (si)
con-si-de-re-ment
con-so-la-tion (si)
cu-ri-eu-se-ment (ze)
De-ci-si-ve-ment
de-cla-ra-ti-on (si)
dis-a-gre-a-ble
dis-in-te-res-se
dic-ti-on-nai-re (si)
do-mi-na-ti-on (ze)
dou-lou-reu-se-ment (ze)
E-bul-li-ti-on (si)
em-poi-son-ne-ment (po-e)
em-pri-son-ne-ment
en-dur-cis-se-ment
en-nuy-eu-se-ment (ze)
ex-com-mu-ni-8
ex-pe-ri-men-te
ex-pli-ca-ti-on (si)
Fa-vo-ra-ble-ment
fre-quen-ta-ti-on (si)
ENGLISH.
Absolution.
accomplishment.
acquisition.
admiration or wondering.
allegorical.
alteration or change.
cunning, subtle or crafty.
astronomical.
Blessed.
library.
Slanderer.
ceremonious.
charitably.
Christianity.
circumspection. '
clandestinely.
congregation.
considerately.
comfort or consolation.
curiously.
Decisively
declaration.
disagreeable.
disinterested.
dictionary.
domination.
grievously.
Ebullition.
poisoning.
imprisonment.
hardness.
tediously.
excommunicated.
experienced or tried.
exphcation, or explanation.
Favourably.
frequenting.
m
FRENCH.
fruc-tu-eu-se-ment (ze)
G^-ne-ra-le-ment
ge-ne-reu-se-ment (ze)
* Ha-bi-ta-ti-on {si)
he-ro-i'-que-ment
he-si'ta-ti-on (si)
ho-no-ra-ble-ment
I-ma-gi-na-ble
im-mpr-ta-li-te
im-pra-ti-ca-ble
in-cer-ti-tu-de
in-sta-bi-li-te
jn-to-le-ra-ble
in-tro-duc-ti-on (si)
ir-re-li-gi-eux
La-bo-ri-eu-se (ze)
la-men-ta-ble-mejit(77za72g')
la-men-ta-ti-on (si)
le-gi-ti-mi-te
Ma-jes-tu-eu-se (ze)
mal-heu-reu-se-ment (se)
mal-ver-sa-ti-on (si)
me-cha-ni-que-ment (ka)
Na-ti-o-na-le (si)
na-tu-ra-li-se (ze)
ne-ces-sai-re-ment
0-bli-ga-toi-re (to-e)
o-be-is-san-ce
oc-cu-pa-ti-on (si)
ou-tra-geu-se-ment (ze)
Pa-ci-fi-ca-teur
per-ni-ci-eu-se (ze)
po-si-ti-ve-ment (zi)
pre-e-mi-nen-ce
pro-di-gi-eu-se (ze)
Ra-dou-cis-se-ment
re-cre-a-ti-on (si)
ri-gou-reu-se-ment (ze)
Sa-tis-fac-ti-on (si)
ENGLISH.
profitably, successfully,
generally,
generously.
Abode,
heroically,
hesitation,
honorably,
imaginable,
immortality,
impracticable.
. uncertainty,
instability,
intolerable,
introduction,
irreligious.
Laborious.
lamentably or dolefully.
lamentation,
legitimacy.
Majestic.
unhappily or unfortunately
misdemeanor,
mechanically.
National,
naturalized,
necessarily.
Obligatory,
obedience,
occupation,
outrageously.
Pacifier,
pernicious,
positively,
pre-eminence
prodigious
Softening,
recreation,
rigorously.
Satisfaction
47
scan-da-Ieil-se-ment (ze)
sin-gu-la-ri-te
Tem-po-rel-le-ment
ty-ran-ni-que-ment [si)
U-na-ni-me-ment
u-na-ni-mi-te
u-ni-ver-si-te
Vi-si-ta-ti-on (si)
vic-to-ri-eu-se (ze)
scandalously.
singularity
Temporally.
tyrannically.
Unanimously.
unanimity.
university.
Visitation.
victorious.
French Words of Six SyllMea*
FRENCH.
A-bo-mi-na-ti-on {si)
a-ca-de-mi-que-ment (si)
am-bi-ti-eu-se-ment (si)
Ca-pi-tu-la-ti-on {si)
ca-pri-ci-eu-se'ment {ze)
con-di-ti-on-nel-le {si)
com-mu-ni-ca-ti-on {si)
con-si-de-ra-ble-ment
coR-si-de-ra-ti-on {si)
De-no-mi-na-ti-on {si)
ec-cle-si-as-ti-que {zi)
es-sen-ti-el-le-ment {si)
fa-ce-ti-eu-se-ment {si)
fa-mi-li-a-ri-se {ze)
im-pe-ne-tra-ble-raent
im-pos-si-bi-li-te
in-con-si-de-re-ment
in-fal-li-bi-li-te
in-ge-ni-eu-se-ment {ze)
in-ter-ro-ga-ti-on {si)
in-to-le-ra-ble-ment
ir-re-o-u-la-ri-te
ENGLISH. ,
Abomination.
academically.
ambitiously.
Capitulation.
capriciously.
conditional.
communication.
considerably.
consideration.
Denomination.
acclesiastic, ecclesiastical.
essentially.
facetiously, comically.
familiarized.
impenetrably. •
impossibility.
inconsiderately.
infallibility.
ingeniously.
interrogation.
intolerably.
irregularity.
4^'
ir-re-pre-hen-si-ble
ju-di-ci-eu-se-ment (ze)
mi-se-ri-cor-di-eux
re-li-gi-eu-se-ment (ze)
su-per-sti-ti-eu-se (si)
tu-mul-tu-eu-se-ment (ze)
ENGLISH.
irreprehensible.
judiciously.
merciful.
religiously,
superstitious.
tumultuously
French Words of Seven Syllables.
Am-phi-bo-lo-gi-que-ment
an-ti-chris-ti-a-nis-me (kris)
ar-ti-fi-ci-eu-se-ment (ze)
con-di-ti-on-nel-k-ment (si)
con-sub-stan-ti-el-le-ment (si)
de-sa-van-ta-geu-se'ment (ze)
im-pe-ne-tra-bi-Ii-te
ir-re-li-gi-eu-se-ment
par-ti-cu-li-e-re-ment (ze)
ple-ni-po-ten-ti-ai-re (si)
Amphibolically.
antichristianisra.
artfully, craftily.
conditionally.
consubstantially,
disadvantageously
impenetrability.
irreligiously.
particularly.
pleaipotentiary.
French Words of Eight Syllables^
FRENCH-In-
com-pre-hen-si-bi-li-te
ir-re-con-ci-li-a-ble-ment
ir-re-pre-hen-si-bi-li-te
mi-se-ri-cor-di-eu-se-ment
incomprehensibility
irreconcilably,
irreprehensibility.
merciifal.
49
French Words w/ierdn the final Consonant is articalated
FRENCH,
Air
aimer
amour
arsenal
autel
auteur
Bonheur
brut
Calcul
cap
coeur
cuiller
Dot
Echec
enfer
espoir
Est
exact
Fat
fier
fil
froc
Hier
hiver
Mat
mer
iniel
ENGLISH.
Air.
bitter.
love.
arsenal.
altar.
author.
good luck.
rough.
Calculation.
cape.
heart.
spoon.
Dowry.
Check.
heU.
hope.
East.
exact.
coxcomb.
proud.
thread.
monk's dress.
yesterday.
winter.
Mute.
sea.
honey.
FRENCH.
Nageur
naif
Odeur
Quest
Pair
pact
pare
poil
pleur
Retif
rougeur
Sel
serviteur
seul
sieur
soc
soif
soir
Sud
Tambour
troc
iVeuf
vif
vis
Zelateur
zenith {nit)
zest
ENGLISH.
Swimmer.
ingenuous
SmeU.
West.
Couple.
covenant.
park.
hair.
tear.
restive. •
redness.
salt.
servant.
alone.
sir.
plough shara
thirst.
evening.
South.
Drum.
exchange.
Widower.
alive.
screw.
Zealot.
zenith.
zest.
French Words wherein the final Consonant is nai
articulated.
FRENCH.
Aout
apprentif
Babil
banc
ENGLISH.
August,
apprentice.
Prattling,
bench.
FRENCH.
baril
berger
bis, pam
blanc
ENGLISH.
barrel,
shepherd,
brown bread
white
50
FRENCH. EWGWSH. FJ^ENCa. EltGLISH
bled com, wheat;. Instinct Instinct
boulaiiger baker. Jonc Rush.
bourg borough. Laid Ugly.
broc {bro) jug- Ut bed.
Choux cabbages. loup wolf.
clef kev. mat mast.
clerc clerk. monsieur sir.
contrat covenant. Nid nest.
cordonnier shoemaker. nombril navel.
coi-ps bod3^ Officier Officer.
crucifix crucifix. outil tool.
Danger danger. ouvert open.
drap cloth. Paix Peace.
Et and. pied foot.
exempt exempt. prix price.
Flanc flank. Rang Rank.
flux flux. respects respects.
froid cold. Sort Fate.
fusil gun. soul drunk.
Genet broom. sourd deaf.
gentil
goflt
pretty,
taste.
Tort Wrong.
French Words which are the same in sound, hut different w
orthography and signification.*
FRENCH.
A. v.
a. p.
abaissa v.
abesse, s. f.
ail, s. m
ENGLISH.
Has.
at or to.
let down,
abbess,
garlick.
FRENCH.
aille (qu'il)
aie, (je)
ais, s. m.
aile, s. f.
elle, pr.
ENGLISH.
go (let him.)
have (I may)
board, shelf
wing,
she
* The grammatical distinction of each word is denoted by the letter
annexed to it , viz- ar. stands for Article ; s. for Substantive ; a. for
Adjective ; m. for Masculine ; f. for Feminine ; c. for common to
both Genders; pK for Plural ; pr. for Pronoun; v. for Verb ; and p.
for Participle.
51
FRENCH.
apres, p.
appret, s. m.
ancre, s. f.
ncre, s. f.
arrhes, a. f.
arts, s. m.
"iutel, s. m.
hotel, s. m.
avant, p.
avent, s. m.
Bas, s. m.
bat, s. m.
baux, s. m.
beaux, a. pi.
bouillie, s. f.
bouillis, a. pi.
Cap, s. m.
cape, s. f.
Face, s. f.
fasse, qu'il.
faim, s. f.
fin, s. f.
faon, s. m.
fend, il.
car, c.
quart, s. m.
carte, s. f.
quarte, s. f.
ces, pr.
ses, pr.
chaine, s. f.
chene, s. m.
chair, s. f.
cher, a,
choc, s. m.
choque, il.
eigne, s. m
signe, s. m
cceur, s m.
FRENCH, ENGLISH.
after.
preparation.'
anchor.
ink.
pledge.
arts.
altar.
large house.
before.
advent.
Stocking.
pack-saddle.
leases.
fine.
pap.
boiled.
Cape.
cloak.
the face.
let him do.
hunger.
end.
a fawn.
he splits.
for.
quarter.
a card.
a quart.
these or those
his or her.
a chain.
an oak.
flesh.
dear.
shock.
offends, he.
sign.
heart.
choeur, s. m. choir,
cor, s. m. hunter's horn.
corps, s. m. body.
Dans, p. In or Into*
dents, s. m. teeth,
des, ar. ofthe, from the.
dais, s. m. canopy,
dois, v.(o-a] owe.
doigt, s .m.(o-fl)finger.
Echo, s. m. Echo,
ecot, s. m. share,
non, p. no.
Nom, s. m. name.
On, pr. They,
ont, ils. they have.
Pain, s. m. Bread,
pin, s. ra. a pine tree.
foie, s. m.(»-a)liver.
fois, s. f.(o-a) time.
Grace, s. f. Grace,
grasse, a. fat.
Haut, a. • high,
ho ! p. oh !
Joue, s. f. Cheek,
joug, s. m. yoke,
laid, a. ugly,
kit, s. m. milk.
Mais, c. But.
mes, pr. my.
maux, s. m. evils,
mots, s. m. words,
pan, s. m.
paon, s. m.
Rais, s. f.
rets, s. m.
rang, s. m.
rends.
skirt, of a coat
peacock.
Line,
a net.
rank,
renderest Cthou'^
Seau, s. m. Pail,
saut, s. m. a jump
FRENCH.
suie, s. f.
suis, (je)
Tant, p.
terns, s. m.
toue, s. f.
ENGLISH.
«oat.
lam.
so much,
time,
towinff.
52
FRENCIf.
toux, S. f.
Vain, a. m.
vin, s. m.
vice, s. m.
vis, s. £
ENGLISH.
a cough.
Vain.
wine.
vice.
screw.
French words which are the
but different in
Aire, m. nest (of hawks.)
aire, f. floor (of a barn.)
aune, m. elder, a tree,
aune, f. ell, a measure.
Barbe, f. a beard,
barbe, m. a Barbary horse.
Capre, m.
capre, f.
coche, m.
coche, f.
cornette, m.
cornette, f.
same in sound and orthography,
their signification.
foudre, m. sort of a vessel.
foudre, f. thunder bolt
fourffon, m. a .poker
a privateer.
a caper.
a caravan.
a saw.
an -officer.
a head dress.
exempt, s. m. free from,
exempt, s. m. an officer,
cravate, m. a soldier,
cravate, f. a neck-cloth.
Dragon, m. a dragoon, a
soldier.
dragon,m. dragon,a serpent
Easeigne, m. an officer,
enseigne, f. sign of a house,
ete, m. summer, season,
ete, V. been (auxil. v.)
exemple, m. an example,
exemple, f. a copy.
pair, m.
pair, m.
Feu, m.
fed, m
fin, m.
fin, f.
a peer.
even.
fire.
aeceased, late.
chief point.
end of things.
fourgon, m.
Garde, m.
garde, f.
greffe, m.
greffe, f.
Jeune, m.
jeune, a. c.
Livre, m.
livre, f.
Mariche, m.
manche, f.
memoire, m
memoire, f.
mode, m.
mode, f.
moule, m.
moule, f.
mousse, m.
mousse, f.
Neuf, a. c.
neuf, a. m.
Office, m.
office, m.
ombre, m.
ombre, f.
ou, p,
oa, p.
a wagon.
guard, a soldier.
nurse to a sick
person.
registry
a graft,
fasting.
young.
a book.
a pound
handle
sleeve.
a bill
the memory.
a mood.
way or fashion.
a mould,
a shell fish.
a swabber
moss
nine
new
duty, business
an office
ombrCj a game
shade
where
^.
m
FRENCH. ENGLISH.
page, m. a page, at court,
page, f. a page, of a book,
palme, m. hand's breadth,
palme, f. a branch of a tree,
parallele, m. comparison,
parallele, f. a parallel line,
pendule, m. a pendulum,
pendule, f. a clock,
periode, m. a^pace oftime,
periode, f. period of a
discourse,
pique, m. a spade, at cards,
pique, f. pike, a lance,
pivoine, m. gnat-snapper,
pivoine, f. piony, a plant,
plane, m. plane, a tree,
plane, f. plane, a tool,
poele, m. a stove,
poele, f. frying pan.
poste, m. place, employ,
poste, f. post office,
pourpre, m. spotted fever,
pourpre, f. royal dignity.
FRENCH, ENGLISH.
Quartier, m. part of a town.
quartier, m. quarters at war.
Reclame, m. sound to call a
hawk,
reclame, f catch word of a
page,
regale, m. repast or feast,
regale, f a king's perquisite.
Satire, m. heathen god.
satire, f. satire or sarcasm,
somme, m. a nap, sleep,
sorame, f. a sum of money,
souris, m. a smile,
souris, f. a mouse.
Temple, m. a place of
worship,
temple, f temple of the head,
tour, m. turn or trick,
tour, f tower or spire.
vase,m. vessel or urn
vase, £ sHme,
voile, m. veil or cloth,
voile, f. sail of a ship.
RECAPITULATION.
In order to give a summary of the different classes q\
words which have been perused, I will conclude i
Spelling-Book with a collection of those which may ap-pear
the most difficult to be pronounced in it, viz
:
* Abeille, aigreur, aiguille, aiguillon, anguille, anchois,
anneau, ambre, arrhes, avoir, avais, ambiguite, anti-quaille.
* The signification of the following French woids, may be found in
the preceding, according to their respective syllables and ir:taJ
letters.
5*
Balaye, beau, baillement, bequilles, borgnesse, bouleille,
bouche, bouilloire-, braiidiller, bredouilleur.
Chataigiie, choix, chercher, choeur, coeur, corps, cueil-leuse.
Dieu, deux, depouiUe, douceur, douze, douillettement.
Eventail, effi'oyable, ennuyeusement, enseigne, ecaille
Feuillage, fructueux, foible, fran^ais, faon, fiel, flageolet.
Gai, gaillardement, geai. gorge, gout, gueux, grenouillere.
Hache, haissent, henissement, heureurx, huitre, humble.
Ignorance, infaillible, inguerissable, inquisition, ivoii-e.
Juive, joyau, joyeuse, jeu, jonquille, Juillet, Juin.
Laique, loyaute, longueur, luisant, lorgnette, louange.
Magnifique, manchon, meuble, muet, raeiveilleux, mu-raiJJe.
National, nom, nettoye, noueux, noyau, nuisible, neu-tralite.
Oiseau, ceuvres, ceillade, oreille, oseille, orthographe,
orgue.
Partial, partition, peigne, peux, pointilleuse, philoso-phique.
Quai, quoi, quasi, quelque^ quenouille, quiconque, ques-tionne.
Rechaud, recueillir, racaille, rigueur, rayonnant, rouil-lure.
Seditieux, spherique, soigneux, secret, sommeiller, son-geais.
Taon, taureau, tourbillon, travailler, tortille, temoignage.
Un, usurpant, uniquement, equivoque, ustensile, un-anime.
Vainqueur, vaillamment, vieux, vieillissant, voyageur,
vuider.
Lessons of Words containing different Sorts of Syllables
FIRST LESSON.
The Fable of the Bii'd-catchei- and the Stork.
Un oiseleur prit un jour, A Eird-catcher took one
dans ses tilets, plusieurs day, in his nets, several
Grues, et plusieurs Oies ; Cranes, and several Geese:
m
parmi lesquelles ils s'y ren-contra
une Cicogne.
Ce pauvre Oiseau le pria
avec instance de lui sauver
la vie et de lui rendie la
liberie ; d'autant qu'elle
n'etaii ni Oie, ni Grue, et
qu'elle ne fesait de tort a
personne.
De plus, dit elle, j'ai
grand soin de ma vieille
mere, et la nourris avec
toute rattention dont je suis
capable.
L'oiseleur impitoyable
lui repondit arec aigreur,
qu'est-ce que cela m'im-porte
? puisque te voila
prise avec les autres qui
m'ont fait du tort, tu mour-ras
avec eux.
amongst which there hap-pened
to be a Stork.
This unfortunate Bird
entreated him earnestly to
spare her life, and to set
her at liberty ; as she was
neither a Goose nor a
Crane, and did no harm
to any body.
Besides, said she, I take
great care of my old mo-ther,
and feed her with all
the attention I am capable
of.
The unmerciful bird-catcher
answered her, with
an angry tone, what is all
that to me ? since thou art
now taken with others that
have done me harm, thou
shalt also die with them.
II ne faut jamais fre-quenter
que des gens de
bien ; car ceux qui s'asso-cient
avec les mechans,
periront avec eux, quoi-qu'ils
soient innocens.
We must never associate
with any other but good
people ; for those who keep
company with the wicked
will suffer with them,
though they may be inno-cent.
SECOND LESSON
The Fable of the Horse and the Fly.
Une Mouche placee sur
le timon d'une voiture cri-ait
d'un ton imperieux
apres le Cheval qui la tirait:
que tu vas lentertient ! ne
A Fly sitting upon the
pole of a carriage, called to
the Horse that was drawing
it ; how slowly you creep
alonsr won't you mend
d
veux-tu pas marcher plus
vits ? Prens garde que je te
perce le cou de mon aiguil-kin,
Le Cheval lui repondit
froidement : tes paroles et
tes menaces ne me tou-chent
gueres ; je ne crains
que celui qui conduit, avec
un fouet long et souple, le
joug que je porte ; c^est
f)Ourquoi, cesse de me par-er
avec cet air frivole et
temeraire
;
, . C^r J/s §9is mieux que
toi,. quand ii faut m'arreter,
et quand je dois Courir.
yoiir pace, and go faster
Take care or I shall twinge
your neck with the weapon
I have.
The Horse, with an air
of contempt, replied, your
commands and threats are
not worth my notice ; I only
dread the man, who with
his long and pUant whip
drives the burden which I
bear; therefore leave off
speaking to me in that sau-cy
and impertinent man-ner
;
For I know better than
you can tell me, when to
halt, an-d when to mend
my pace.
MORAL.
Cette Fable sert a ex-poser
I'impudeiite hardiesse,
et le ridicule deportement
de ces gens, qui, sans avoir
ni force ni pouvoir, ne lais-sent
pourtant pas de faire
de vaines menaces.
This fable serves to ex-pose
the impudent boldness
and ridiculous behaviour of
those people, who, having
neither abilities nor power,
dare,nevertheless,utter vain
and disdainful threats.
THIRD LESSON.
The Fable of the Dog and the Wolf.
(Jn Loup, extremement
maigre et afFame, rencon-tra,
par hasard, un Chien
gras, dodu, et des mieux
noiirri.
A lean, hungry and half-starved
Wolf, met, by ac-cident,
a jolly, plump, and
very well fed Mastiff.
57
S' etarfc arreles pour se
saluer reaproquement I'un
et r autre ; apprenezmoi, je
vous prie, ditle Loup, d'ou
vous vient cet embonpoint,
et comment faites-vous done
pour etre aussi gras que
vous I'etes ?
Pour moi, qui suis beau-coup
plus fort que vous, et
qui bravant tresoouvent les
dangers, auxquels je suis
expose, me donne bien des
peines pour avoir de quoi
subsister, je meurs cepen.-
dant de faim
Le Chien lui repondit
aussitot, je n'en doute nulle-ment;
mais vous jouirez des
memes avantages que moi,
si vous pouvez vous resou-dre
a rendre les meraes ser-vices
au Maitre que je sers.
Et quels services, done ?
lui-repliqua le Loup.
C'est, repondit le Chien,
de garder sa maison pen-dant
la nuit, et d'en eloi-gner
les Voleurs, et toutes
sortes d' strangers.
Ami, reprit le Loup, tout
transports de joie, s'il ne
tient qu'a cela pour etre
heureux, je le ferai tres-volontiers
: car je traine
maintenant une vie mise-rable
dans les bois, ou je
suis presque toujours expose
a I'air et souvent a la pluie,
a la neige et a la greJe.
Having stopped to pay
each other the usual com-pUments
; prithee, says the
Wolf, how comes it about
that you look so comely,
and how do you live, that
\'-ou are so much fatter than
I am ?
Fox my part though I am
stronger than you are, and
very often venturing many
dangers, undergo great dif-ficulties
to obtain a liveli-hood,
yet I am almost ready
to perish with hunger ,
The Dog answered him
bluntly, i make no doubt
of it ; but you shall hve as
well as I do, if you can but
condescend to do the same
service for my Master as I
do.
And what's that, then?
said the Wolf to him.
It is, replied the Dog, to
watch about his house at
night and keep it from
Thieves, and all kinds of'
strangers. ^
Friend, answers the Wolf,
quite overjoyed, if that is
all I must do to live happy,
I'll do it with all my heart
:
for at present I have but a
sorry time of it, in the
woods exposed, as I gene-rally
am, to the open air,
and frequently to rain
snow, and hail.
58
n me seralt Men plus
doux, sans doute, de vivre
a couvert dans une maison,
oil je serais sur de trouver
de quoi me rassasier terns
ies jours.
C'est vrai dit le Chien,
ainsi viens done avec moi.
lis partent done ensem-ble
; mais, en Tshemin fes-ant,
le Loup s'apergut que
le cou du Chien etait pele,
et comme il etait fort curi-eux,
il lui demanda d'oii
cela pouvait provenir ?
Oh ! ce n'est rien, re-
|)OfKlit le Chien.
Mais encore dites-moi,
je vous prie.
He ! bien, il faut que vous
sachiez qu'etant quelque
fois un peu trop vif on me
lie, a cause de cela, attache
pendant le jour, afin que
je me repose, et que 'fen
sois plus eveitle et plus
actif, pendant la nuit : mais
vers le soir on me detache,
et pour lors je puis aller
roder ou bon me semble.
On a grand soin de m'ap-porter
du pain ; mon maitre
me donne des os de sa ta.-
ble ; Ies domestiques me
jettent souvent d'excellens
morceaux ; ettous Ies restes
de viande, dont on ne se
soucie pas, me sont aussi re-serves.
C'est ainsi que jevis,
alls avoir beaucoup de pei-ne,
ni de fati2:ue a essuyer
It would be much more
agreeable, no doubt, to have
a good house over my head
and be sure of a beily-fuU
of victuals every day.
True, says the Dog, there
fore follow me.
They then set off toge-ther
; but, as they were jog
ging on, the Wolf spied a
crease in the Dog's neck,
and, havmg a strange curi-osity,
he asked him what it
meant ?
Puh ! nothing at all, says
the Dog.
Nay, but, pray, says he,
tell me.
Why, to tell you the truth,
you must know I am now
and then a little fierce, for
which reason I am tied up
in the day time to make me
sleep, that I may watch the
better in the night time ;
but, when twilight comes,
out I am turned, and may
freely range about where-ever
I please.
Then I have bread in
plenty ; my master brings
me bones from his table,
the servants every now and
then toss me a tit-bit ; and
whatever scraps are left by
the family, fall of course to
my share.—This is my
manner ol living without
having any great trouble.
6y
Mais, dis-moi, reprit ie
Loup, s'il te prenait quel-quefois
envie d'aller faire
un tour ou tu voudrais, en
as-tu ia liberte ?
Aon pas tout-a-fait, re-pondit
le Chien.
Oh ! votre serviteur,
Monsieur le Chien; jouis-sez,
a la bonne heure, des
avantages dont vous fei-tes
tant de cas.
Quant a moi, je ne vou-drais
pas^ accepter un Roy-aume
a de pareilles condi-tions
; car la Liberte est ma
Devise.
But, tell me, replied the
Wolf, if you should be
inclined sometimes to take
a little trip any where are
you at liberty to do it ?
I can't say that I am,
said the Dog.
Then farewell, friend,
enjoy and welcome, all the
good things you have been
just now boasting of.
For my part, I would
not be a king upon the
terms you mention ; for
Liberty is the word for me.
Cette Fable est bien pro-pre
a nous apprendre qu'un
homme, quoique pauvre,
pent etre plus heureux s'il
jouit de sa liberte, que ce-lui
qui est opulent, et vit
dans un etat de servitude.
This Fable is fit to teach
us that the poor man who
enjoys his liberty, may be
far happier than he who
makes the greatest figure
and lives in a state of de-pendence.
llecueil des noms de
Bapteme les plus ordinaires
d'Hommes et de Femmes,
et des Abreviationsdont on
fait usage, en Frangais.
J'ai juge necessaire de les
mettre ici, par ordre alpha-betique,
afin qu'on en
puisse trouver plus facile-ment
la signification, en
Anglais, quand on en aura
beso'n.
A collection ol the most
usual Christian names of
men and women, and of
the abbreviations which are
made use of in French. I
have thought proper to
range them here in an al-phabetical
order, that the
signification of any of them
in English, may the more
easily be found, when there
is occasion for it.
J
JSTames which are the same in French and m the English
language are omitted.
FRENCH. ENGLISH. FjRENCH. ENGLISH.
Achille, m. Achilles Dominique,n]L. Dominick
Adelaide, fm. Adelaid Dorothe, f. DoFothy
Adeline, f. Adehna Edouard, m. Edward
Adolphe, m. Adolphus Edouin, m. Edwin
Adrien, m. Adrian Elie, m. Elias
Agathe, f. Agatha Elisee, m. Elisha
Alain, m. Allen Emile, m. Emilius
Alexandre, ra . Alexander Emilie, f. Amelia
Alithe, f. e Alithea Emme, f. Emma
Ambroise, m. Ambrose Eraste, m. Erastus
Amelie, f. Amelia Etienne, m. Stephen
Andre, m. Andrew- Ezechias, m. Hezekiah
Angelique, f. Angelica Ezechiel, m. Ezekiel
Anne, f. Anna, Ann Fabien, m. Fabian
Annibal, m. Hannibal Panchon, f. Fanny
Antoine, m. Anthony- Fran9ois, m. Francis
Arabelle, f. Arabella Fran^oise, f. Frances
Athanase, m. Athanasius Gaspard, m. Jasper
Auguste, m. Augustus Gautier, m- Walter
Auguste, f. Augusta Gedeon, m. Gideon
Barbe, f. Barbara GeofFroi, m. Geoffrey
Barnabe, m. Barnaby Georgette, f. Georgiana
Barthelerai, Bartholomew Gerard, m. Gerard
Benoit, m. Benedict. G^rvais, m. Jarvis
Catherine, f. Catharine Giles, m. Giles
Cathos, f. Kate Godefroi, m. Godfrey
Cataln, f. Kitty Gotten, f. Peggy, Peg
Cecile, f. Cecilia Grace, f. Grace
Christine, f. Christina Gregoire, m. Gregory
Christophe, m1. Christopher Griffon, m. Griffin
Claire, f. Clara Guillaume, William
Constance, f. Constantia Guillelmine, Wilhelmina
Corneille, m. Cornelius Guillot, m. Baily
Corneille, f. Corneha * Hector, m. Hector
Debora, f. Deborah Henri, m. Henry
• See the note on the aspiration of h vvliicli is annexed to p. 21.
61
FRENCH.
Henriette, f.
Hilaire
' Homfroi
' Hortence, f
' Hughes
Ignace
Isabau oT
\
Isabelle, f. j
Jaques
Jaqueline, f.
Jannot, m.
Javotte, f.
Jean
Jeanne, f.
Jeoifroi, m.
Jeremie
Josephe, f.
Josue, m.
Jule, or
Jules, m.
Julie, f.
Julienne, f,
Laure, f.
Laurent, m.
Lazare, m.
Lea, f.
Leandre, m.
Leonarde, f.
Leonore, f.
Louis, m.
Louise, f.
Luc, m.
Lucie, f.
Lucrece, f.
6
Heniietfa
Hilary-
Humphrey
Hortensia
Hugh
Ignatus
Isabella
James
Joan
Johnny
Jenny
John
Jane
JeoiFrey
Jeremiah
Joseph a
Joshua
Julius
Julia
Juliana
Laura, Lora
Lawrence
Lazarus
Leah
Leander
Leonarda
Leonora
Lewis
Louisa
Luke
Lucy
Lucretia
FRENCH.
'Marc, m.
Marguerite,
Marthe, f.
Mathilde, f.
Mathieu, m.
Maurice, m.
Moise, m.
Nannette, f.
Octave, m.
Octavie, f.
Osee, m.
Othon, m.
Patrice, ra.
Phinees, m.
Pierre, m.
Priscille, f,
Randolphe,
Raoul, m.
Renand, ra.
Rodolphe, m.
Sabine, f.
Salomon, m.
Samson, m.
Sara, f.
Sebastien, m.
Silvestre, m.
Sophie, f.
Sophonie, f.
Susanne, f.
Theodose, m.
Thibaud, m.
Timotee, m.
Tobie, m.
Valentin, m.
ENGLISH
Mark
Margaret
Martha
Matilda,Mau(^
Matthew
Morris
Mos^s
Nancy
Octavius
Octavia
Hosea
Otho
Patrick
Phineas
Peter
Pris cilia
Randal
Ralph
Reynold
Rolph
Sabina
Solomon
Sampson
Sarah
Sabastian
Silvester
Sophia
Zepheniah
Susannah
Theodosius
Theobald
Timothv
Toby
Valentiffi^a
A
SHORT INTRODUCTION
TO
FRENCH GRAMMAR
BY WAY OF aUESTION AND ANSWER,
GHAP. I.
Of Grammer in general i Of Letters, Accents^ and othet
Marks used in the French Language.
Ques. What is Grammer ?
Ans. It is an art which teaches the proper manner of
speaking and writing a language.
It has, therefore, for its object, the consideration of
Letters, Syllables, Words, and Sentences.
Q. How many letters are there in the French Language ?
A. There are twenty-five ; namely, six Vowels and nine-teen
Consonants.
Q. Do they always retain the vocal and articulated sounds
ascribed to them in the Alphabet ?
A. No:, for these being insufficient to represent, of
themselves, all the vocal sounds and articulations of
the French language, there are, besides the various
combinations, figured Accents and Marks, which
are made use of to' indicate others.
Q How many sorts of figured Accents are there in tbe
French Language ?
A . There are three sorts ; namely.
The Acute, (') L'Aigu.
The Grave, (^) Le Grave.
The Circumflex, {f^S Le Circonflexe,
^3
Q. What is the Acute ?
A.. The Acute, which is a short line drawn from the right
hand toward the left, is placed on the vowel e only,
to indicate a sharp sound, as in eU, being, &.c.
Q. What is the use of the Grave ?
A. The Grave, which, on the contrary, is a short line
drawn from the left hand towards the right, is chiefly
used on the vowel e, to denote a clear and open
sound ; as in acces, access : apres, after, &c. It is
also used at a, to ; /a, there ; ou, where, merely to
distinguish them from a, has ; la, the ; ow, or» ^
Q What is the use of the Circumflex ?
A. The Circumflex, which consists of the two former
accents, is occasionally set on the vowels, a, e, t, o
u, to point out that such letters are to be pronounced
long; as in matin, a mastiff^'dog; tempete, a tempest;
gite^ a lodging ; ebU, a side ; flute, a flute ; whereas
they are short in jnatin, morning ; trompette, a trum-pet,
&c.
Q. What are the other marks used in tlie French lan-guage
?
A.. There are three sorts of them ; namely,
The Cedilla, (5) La Cedille.
The Diseresis, (") La Dierese.
The Apostrophe, (' ) L'Apostrophe.
Q. What is the use of the Cedilla ? .
A. The Cedilla, or Cerilla, as some call it, which is a
short curve line, is put under the c only before a,
u, to divest it of its strong articulation, and give it
the sharp hissing sound of the s ; as in il menaga,
he threatened ; une legon, a lesson ; Je regus, I re-ceived,
&c.
Q What is the use of the DiaBresis ?
A. The Diuresis, which consists of two dots, is placed
over the last of two vowels that meet together in a
word, to mark they are to be pronounced in two
syllables ; as in Israel, Luic, Saul, &c. read Isra-el,
Lu-ic, Sa-ul.
Q. What is the use of the Apostrophe ?
A. The Apostrophe, which is lifee a'c'OMma set ai th^
"top of a consonaiit, serves to indicate tile omission
of one of these vowels oaly, viz. a, e, i; ^9ml'dme
for la-ame, the sonl;- 1'eiprit for k-esprit, the mind;
, s'il for si-il, he ; it is likewise used before an h mute,
*'
'
^ or not aspirated, as in Vhcmme for le-homme, the man,
^^ " &c. and after qu' instead oi que, when this wori
occurs before any of the vowels.
'*Q. What is the meaning of the letter A being mpirated
in some Words and irmte in others ?
A. When the letter h is said to be aspirated, it implies
that it must be uttered in as strong a manner as in
''''*'
the English words, hctrd, hast; for instance, it is as-
'^' pirated in hardi, bold ; honte, shame ; but when it is
' mute, or not aspirated, it is no more uttered in French
than that of the English words hovr, heir, honour ;
therefore we read abih,{6t habile, clever; emme,
for homme, man, &,c.*
Q. What is the use of the letter y in French ?
A. The letter y often serves to denote the etymology of
words derived from the Greek, wherein it stands for
a single z; as in analyse, analysis, syllabe, syllable,
&c. but between two vowels in French words, it
indicates, in some of them, the sound of two i's ; as
in essayer^ip try ; envoyer, to send, &c. and in others,
that of a liquid i ; as in ayeul, grandfather, &.c.
Q. What is the best way to acquire the different sounds
fe and articula,tions of French syllables }
There are general rules prefixed to most French
Grammars for that purpose ; but, from all the at-tempts
that have hitherto been made, it does not ap-pear,
that written directions will sufficiently answer
the views of an inquisitive learner, without the as-sistance
of a good teacher.
CHAP. II.
Of Words and their Grammatical Distinctions,
Q. What is meant by a word ?
A. A word is one or more syllables put together to sig.
nify something
65
Q. Are there many different sorts of words in a Lan
guage ?
A. There are several distinct kinds of words in languages
but grammarians do not agree about their respective
denominations, nor even their numbers.*
Q. What is the usual denomination of those which serve
to compose the English and French languages ?
A The various words, made use of in speaking or
writing, may be denominated and classed as fol-low
: viz.
ENGLISH. FRENCH.
1. The Articles, Les Articles.
2. The Substantives, Les Substantifs.
3. The Adjectives, Les Adjectifs.
4. The Pronouns, Les Pronoms.
5. The Verbs, Les Verbes.
6. The Particles. Les Particles.
Q. Are not these denominations suitable to the various
classes of words, in aU languages ?
A. No : for the Latin Language has no Articles ; therefore
it is more ambiguous than modern Languages are.
CHAP. in.
Of Articles in General.
Q. What is an Article ?
A. The Article is a small word perfixed to Substantives;
to show their relations to preceding or following
words ; these circumstances being not expressed in
modern Languages, by Cases or different termina*
tions, as they are in the Greek and Latiji Languages.
*The different sorts of word§, that constitute a language, are
generally called -parts of speech; but they are not uniformly dis-tinguished
by modern grammarians; some reckon fen of them, which
they call and range thus : nouns, adjectives, articles, pronouns, verbs,
participles, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections ; some
nine, by leaving out the participles ; others dgfa, by omitting the
denominations of adjectives a.nd participles, and so down to four ; viz.
nouns^ adnouns, verbs, and particles.
6*
66
Q. What is there to be observed with regard to French
and English Articles ?
A. That the French Articles have Genders and J^um-bers
; vsrhereas the English Articles are not suscepti-ble
of any grammatical variation.
Q. How many Genders and Numbers are there in French ?
A. Two Genders only, viz. the Masculine and Feminine
;
and two Numbers, vis. the Singular and Plural.
Q How many sorts of Articles are there in French ?
A- Most grammarians reckon three, viz.
The Definite-—(the) le m. la f. les pi.
—
Le Dejini.
The Indefinite—(a or an) un m. une f.
—
Ulndejini,
The Partitive—(some) du m. de la f. des pi. Le Par-titif.
But strictly speaking, there are but two in
French, viz. The Definite and the Indefinite ; the
Partitive being to all external appearance, though
different in signification, like the variations of the
second State of the Definite Article ; see the Ex-amples
of the different Declensions.
Q, Are these Articles to be placed before aU French
Substantives, according to their respective Genders
and Numbers ?
A. No : for before Substantives, in the singular Number,
beginning with a vowel or h mute, the final vowel
of le and la is cut off, as I have observed before.
Q. What Parts of Speech, besides the Articles, have
Genders and Numbers in French ?
A. The Substantives, Adjectives, and Pronouns.
CHAP. IV.
Of Substantives in General.
Q What ifi a Substantive ?
A. A substantive is a- word that expresses the name of
every thing real or imaginary, without the help of
any other word to make us understand it ; as un
Homme, a Man ; un Ange, an Angel ; une Maison, a
house ; une Eglisc, a Church, Sec.
Q. How many sorts of Substantives are there ?
A. Three : viz. Common, Abstract, and Proper.
67
Q. What are Common Substantives ?
A. Such as are apphcable and common to all real ob-jects
of the same species or kind, as homme, man;
cheval, horse ; maison, house ; arbre, tree, &.c
Q. And what are the Abstract Substantives ?
k Those which signify objects that have no other mark
of existence but in our minds ; as Ange, Angel
;
chagrin, grief; esperance, hope, &c.
Q. What are those that are called Substantives Proper ?
A. Such as are appropriated to distinguish Men, Women,
Places, or particular things ; as Jean, John ; Maries
Mary ; Londres, London ; la Tamise, the Thames,
&c. for John is not the name of every man, nor
London of every city, &.c.
Q. Is there any grammatical difference between the
French and English Substantives ?
A. French Substantives are either of the Masculine or
Feminine Gender; whereas the greatest part of
" English substantives are neuter, that is, of neither
gender ; such are those that express the name of
inanimate things ; for we say, le Livre, the Book ; la
Table, the Table ; &c. but substantives which relate
to the Male sex, as iin Homme, a Man ; &c. are of
the Masculine Gender, and those which relate to
the Female sex, as une Femme, a Woman ; &c. are
of the Feminine, in both languages.
Q. By what means is the Gender of French Substan-tives,
expressing inanimate things, to be known ?*
A. By practice in general; but for a greater ^ certainty,
by looking into a French dictionary for it.
Q. How can practice enable a learner to find out their
respective Genders ?
A. By remembering those substantives that admit of
le and la, or un and une before them ; for instance,
Livre is of the Masculine Gender, because we can
say le Livre, or un Livre; and Table is of the Fem-inine
Gender, because we may say either la Table or
une Table.
* See Treatise on the Gender of Nonna,
68
Q, But how can the Gender of these Substantives
which begin with a vowel or A mute, be acquired by
practice ?
A. By prefixing to thorn an Adjective beginning with a
consonant ; as iin grand esprit, a great wit ; une
grande dme, a great soul ; un grand honneur, a great
honour, &c.
Q. What difference is there between a Substantive and
an Adjective ?
A. A Substantive has no need of being joined to any
other word, in order to be well understood ; for we
understand very well what is meant by book, table,
house, &c. but an Adjective has, or is supposed to
have, a Substantive to which it relates, and without
which it cannot be understood : thus great, small,
lofty, are not clearly understood, but when they are
joined to substantives, as a great book, a small table,
a lofty house, Sfc.
Q. What else is there to be observed with respect to
the French Substantives ?
A. The manner of forming their plural number, which
is commonly done by the addition of an s, to the
termination of their singular ;* and the way of
declining them, that is, of using the different vari-ations
of the articles before them, as in the following
examples.
EXAMPLES.
Of Substantives declined with the Definite Article.
Jl Substantive Masculine, beginning with a Consonant.
Singular. Plural.
Le livre, the book ;
du livre, (for de le) of or
from the book
au livre, (for a le) to the
book
;
Les livres, the books.
des livres, (for de les) of or
from the books.
aux livres, (for a les) to the
books.
• There are, however, several French Substantives that deviate
from this Rule
69
EXAMPLE II.
Jl Substantive Feminine, beginning with a Corvsonant.
Singular.
La table, the table
de la table, of the table
a la table, to the table
Plural.
Les tables, the tables,
des tables, of the tables
aux; tables, io the tables.
EXAMPLE III
^ Substantive Feminine, beginning with a Vowel.
Singular.
L'ame, the soul;
de Fame, of the soul
a I'arae, to the soul
;
Plural.
Les ames, the souls
des ames, of the souls
aux ame§, to the souls.
EXAMPLE IV.
j1 Substantive Masculine, beginning with an h mute.
Singular.
L'Homme, the man
;
de I'homme, of the man ;
a I'homme, to the man ;
Plural.
Les hommes, the men.
des hommes, of the men.
aux hommes, to the men.
*^* The French particle a, signifying io or at, is al-ways
to be accented thus, a ; and the Articles du, de la,
and des, may as well be rendered here by from the, as by
EXAMPLES.
Of Substantives declined with the Indefinite Article.
A Substantive Masculine, beginning with a Consonant.
Singular. Plural.
Un gargon, a boy
Des gardens boys.
d'un gargon, of or from a de gargons. of or from
boy; boys.
a un garQon, to a boy
;
a des gar9ons, to boys
70
EXAMPLE II.
^ Subdtanhve Masculine, beginning with a Consona7i
Singular.
Une fille, a girl
;
d'une fille o' a girl
;
a' une fille, to a girl
Plural.
Des filles, girls,
de filles, of girls
a des filles^ to girls
EXAMPLE m.
A Substantive MascuUne, beginning with a Vowel
Singular.
Un enfant, a child
d'un enfant, of a child
a un enfant, to a child
Plural.
Des enfans, children
d'enfans, of children.,
a des enfans, to children
EXAMPLE IV.
A Substantive Feminine, beginning with an h mute.
Singular.
tine heure, an hour
;
d'une heure, of an hour;
a une heure, to an hour
Plural.
Des heures, hours
d'heures, of hours
a des heures, to hours
*^* The French monosyllables de and a, which are
prefixed to the Indefinite Articles un and une in the sin
gular, and to des in the plural number, are Prepositive
Particles.
EXAMPLES.
Of Substantives declined with the partitive Article.
A Substantive Masculine, beginning with a Consonant.
Singular.
Du papier, some paper
;
de papier, of or from some
paper
;
a du papier, to some pa-per;
Plural.
Des papiers, some papers
de papiers, of some papers
a des papiers, to some pa
pers
71
EXAMPLE 11.
^i Substantive Feminine, beginning with a Consonant.
Singular.
De la poudre, some powder
;
de poudre, of some powder
a de la poudre, to some pow-der
:
Plural.
Des poudres, some powders
de poudres, ofsome powders
a des poudres, to some pow-ders.
EXAMPLE III.
^ Substantive Feminine beginning with a Vowek
Singular. Plural.
De I'eau, some water
;
Des eaux, some waters,
d'eau, of some water; d'eaux, of some waters.
a de I'eau, to some water ; a des eaux, to some waters.
EXAMPLE IV.
j1 Substantive Masculine, beginning with an h mute.
Singular.
De I'honneur, some honor
;
d'honneur, of some honor;
si de I'honneur, to some
honor
;
Plural.
Des honneurs, some honors,
d'honneurs, of some
honors.
a des honneurs, to some
honors.
*#* After the manner of these various Examples, and
with their respective Articles, may be declined both
Common and Abstract Substantives, when used in the
same se se.
EXAMPLES.
Of Substantives proper, declined with Particles.
JVames of Men and Women beginning with a Consonaani.
Singular. Singular.
Jean, John
,
Marie, Maria.
de Jean, of or from John ; de Marie, of or from Maria.
a Jean, to John : a Maiie, tu Maria.
72
EXAMPLJ] H,
Jfames of Men and Women beginning with a Vowel.
Singular. Singular.
Antoine, Anthony
;
Anne, Anna.
d'Antoine, of Anthony
d'Anne, of Anna
a Antoine, to Anthony
;
a Anne, to Anna.
EXAMPLE m.
JSTames of Men and Women with an h aspirated cnr mute.
With an h aspirated. With an h mute.
Henti
de Henri,
a Henri,
Henry
;
of Henry
to Henry :
EXAMI
Helene, Helena,
d Helene, of Helena,
a Helene, to Helena.
'LE IV.
Jfames of Cities, Towns, Villages, and other places.
Singular.
Londres, London
;
de Londres, of London ;
a Londres, to London ;
Singular.
Oxford, Oxford,
d' Oxford, of Oxford,
a Oxford, to Oxford.
*^* This is the manner of declining most proper
Names of Men, Women, Cities, Towns &c. as also the
names of Months ; as Janvier, January ; Fevrier, Febru-ary,
&c.
CHAP. IV.
Of Adjectives in General.
Q. What is an Adjective ?
A. It is a word that expresses the quality or condition
of a Substantive, but has of itself no precise or
determinate meaning, as bon, good ; mauvais, bad ;
grand, great ; pjetit, small, &c.
Q,. How can Adjectives be distinguished from Sub-stantives
?
A. By adding the word chose (thing) to them ; for those
that will admit of that word, and make sense with
it, are Adjectives ; and those that will not are Sub-stantives
; for we may say UTie bonne chose, a good
73
thing ; une mauvaise c/io^e, a bad thing, Sec. But we
cannot say un Livre chose, a Book thing ; une Tab.e
chose, a Table thing, &c.
Q. What Grammatical difference is there between the
. French and English Adjectives ?
A. French Adjectives are, generally speaking, liable to
vary their termination, in order to agree in Gender
and Number with their Substantives ; I say gene^
rally speaking, because those ending with an e not
accented, as jeune, young ; facile, easy, &c. have
their Masculine and Feminine terminations alike.
Q. How do French Adjectives vary their terminations
with respect to Gender and Number ?
A. The general rules are to annex an e to them, for the
Feminine Gender; and an 5 for the Plural Number ;
as grand makes grande, for the Feminine Gender
singular ; and grands Masculine, grandes Feminine,
for the Plural ; as to their irregularities, see the
Grammer p. 63.
Q. What is meant by degrees of Comparison ?
A. As Adjectives are made use of to express the quali-ties
or conditions of Substantives, there are expres-sions
called Degrees of Comparison which serve to
increase or diminish those qualities, &.c. in order to
ascertain the real or apparent differences of the
objects of our discourse.
Q. How many degrees of comparison are there ?
A. Three, which are distinguished by the denomina
tions of Positive, Comparative, and Superlative
Q. What is the Positive ?
A. The Positive is the Adjective in its natural signifi-cation,
without any regard to the increasing or di-minishing
of it: 2is grand, great; petit, small; fori,
strong, &c.
Q What is the Comparative ?
A. The comparative increases or diminishes the signi-fication
of the positive ; and is formed, in French,
by putting either plus (more) or moins (less) befoi-e
the Adjective ; q.s plus grand or moins grand, greater
or less great : plus petit, or moins petit, smaller nr ](\=s
small.
74
Q. What is the Superlative ?
A. The Superlative expresses the signification of the
Adjective ia the highest or lowest degrees of all
;
and is formed in French by putting le plus, la plus,
les plus, the (most) or le mains, la mains, les mains,
(the least,) before the Adjective, according to the
Gender and Number of the Substantive it relates
to ; as in these examples : il est leplus grand^ mats
le moins fort de tous, he is the tallest, but the weak-est
of all; voire Tante est la plus riche mais la moins
liberale de v-os Parens, your aunt is the richest, but
the least liberal of your relations, &c.
(^. Do all French Adjectives form the Degrees of Com-parison
in the same manner ?
A. No : for the ?hree following Adjectives have a Com-parative
and Superlative of their own ; viz.
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
Bon, Good
;
mdlleur, better ; le meilleur, the best.
Mauvais, bad ; pire, worse ;
le pire, the worst.
Petit, little
; moindre, less ; le moindre, the least.
Yet the two last may also be compared with plus and
leplus, perSxed to their Positive ; for we frequently
sdi.y plus mimvais, plus petit, &c. But never plus ban.
CHAP.V.
Of Pronouns in General.
Q. What are Pronouns ?
A. They are words of peculiar use in speech ; some
serving as substitutes for Substantives, and others
performing the office of Adjectives.
Q. How many sorts of pronouns are there ?
A. There are six sorts which are distinguished by the
following names, viz.
The Personal, Les Personnels
The Conjunctive, Les Conjonctifs
The Possessive, Les Possessifs.
The Absolute, Les Absolus.
The Demonstrative, Les Demonstratifs.
The Relative, Les Relatifs.
Q. What are tbe Personal Pronouns ?
75
A They are those whkh directly denote Persons, and
are used instead of their name ; as: Je I, tu thou, il
he, elle she, for the Sing-ular ; J^ous we, vous you or
ye, 275 or elles they, for the Plural. See the conjuga-tions
of Verbs, which are annexed to chap. vi.
p. 104.
Q. What are the Conjunctive Pronouns ?
A. The Conjunctive Pronouns are also used instead of
the Personal Pronouns in this respect, that they are
either governed by verbs, or set after Prepositive
particles : as moi or me me, toi or te thee, le, la, elle,
or lui, se, soi, which may be rendered by him, her,
or it, in the Singular, JVous us, vous you or ye, eiix,
elles, les, leur or se, for the Plural, according to the
sense they imply.
Q What are the Possessive Pronouns }
A. They are Pronouns which indicate the Possession
of the object before which they art:; placed, as mon
livre, my book, ta plume, thy pen, aon ckapeau, his
hat, &c.
As these Pronouns perform the offic;e of Adjectives,
they must likewise agree, in French, with the Gen-der
and Number of the Substantive which they
precede.
Q. What are the Absolute Pronouns ?
A. They are Pronouns which also indicate possession,
but in an absolute sense, that is to say, without hav-ing
a Substantive annexed to them ; though they
relate to one already expressed betbre. These are
le mien or la mienne, mine ; le tien or la tienne, thine
;
le notre, or la nbtre, ours, &c. They likewise agree
m French, with the Gender and Number of the
Substantives they relate to.
Q. Are these two last sorts always placed among Pro-nouns
?
A. They are so by the generality of Grammarians,
because they serve as substitutes for conjunctive
pronouns ; for instance, when I say c'est mon livre
it is my book ; c'est le mien, it is mine ; these phrases
imply, ce livre est a moi, this book belongs to me, &c.
Q. What are the Demonstrative Pronoi^ns ?
76
A. They are pronouns which serve to point out any
person or object whatever ; as ce Monsieur, this or
that Gentleman ; cet Enfant, this or that Child ; cette
Maison, this or that House; cesArbres, these or those
Trees, &c.
Q. Are the Pronouns ce and cet, used indifferently in
French ?
A. No : for ce is only used before a Substantive of the
Masculine Gender, beginning with a Consonant or
h aspirated ; and cet before a Substantive Masculine,
beginning with a vowel or h mute.
Q. What are Relative Pronouns ?
A. They are Pronouns that generally have a relation to
a preceding Substantive, which is called by gram-marians,
the Antecedent ; as le Maitre qui enseigne,
the Master who Teaches ; le livre quefai achete, the
book which I have bought, &.c. But when they are
used for asking questions, they commonly begin a
sentence , as Qui vous appelaitl Who called you ?
Que dites vous ? What are you saying ? &.c. These
six classes of Pronouns are distinctly exhibited in
the two following pages, viz.
Of the six different classes of Pronouns desa'ibed in tkis
chapter, together with their respective significations.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural.
Je, I.
Tu, thou.
II, He.
Elle, She.
It.
Nous, We.
Vous, *You or ye
\
They. lis
Elles,
CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural.
Moi or me, Me.
Toi or te, Thee.
Lui, se, soi, c. > Him. ) j,
Le m la, elle f. ] Her. )
•The Pronoun you as well as vous is, through custom, which gives
law to grammar, used either for the Plural or Sin/rular number.
Nous, Us.
Vous, You or ye.
Eux, m. elles, f > ,r.u
Les, leur, se, c. S
77
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural
Mon m. ma f.
Ton m ta f.
Son m. sa f. His,
Notre c
Votre c.
Leur c.
My.
Thy.
her, or its.
Our.
Your.
Their.
Mes c*
Tes c.
Ses c.
Nos c.
Vosc.
Leurs c.
My,
Thy
His or her
Our.
Your.
Their.
SiNGU
Le mien m.
La mienne/
Le tien m.
La tienne /.
Le sien m. )
Lasienney! )
Le notre m.
Le votre m.
Le leur m.
ABSOLUTE
LAR.
I Mine.
I Thine.
his or hers.
la notre /.
Ours.
la votre f.
Yours.
la leur /.
Theirs.
PRONOUNS.
Plural.
Les miens m.
Les miennes/.
Les tiens m-
Les tiennes/.
Les siens m.
Les siennes f.
Les notres c:
Les votre s c.
Les leurs c.
Mine.
Thine.
his or
hers.
Ours.
Yours.
Theirs.
DEMONSTRATIVE
Singular.
Ce et cet m. ^ This
Cette/. > or
Celui m. celle/. S That.
Ceci c.
Celui-ci m
Celle-ci/
Cela c.
Celui-la m.
Celle la /.
PRONOUNS.
Plural.
Ces c.
Ceux m.
Celles/
Ceux-ci m.
Celles-ci/.
Ceux-la m.
Celles-la/.
KAL.
These
or
Those.
These
or
These here,
hose
or
) Thhoo;se there.
* c stands for common to both Genders.
78
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural.
Qui c. Who or that
Que c. Wham or that.
Quel m. Quelle f. What*
which.
Lequel m. laquelle f.
Which.
Dont c. whose, of whom,
&c.
Qui c. Who or that.
Que c. Whom or that.
Quels m. ^uelles f. What
Which,
Lesquels m. lesquelles/.
Which.
Dont c. whose, of whom
&c
CHAP. VI.
Of Verbs in General.
Q. What are Verbs ?
A. They are words which serve to express either the being
or condition of their subjects, as etre, to be ; rester, to
stand ; or the actions corporeal and mental which they
do ; as parler, to speak ; penser, to think ; &c.
Q. How many sorts of. Verbs are there ?
A. There are generally speaking, but two sorts, viz. the
Personal and the Impersonal.
Q. What is a Personal Verb ?
A. It is a Verb that can be conjugated with three Per-sonal
Prounouns in each number; as Je park, I
speak; tu paries, thou speakest; il parle, he speaks,
&c.
Q, What is an Impersonal Verb? >«
A. It is a verb that can only be conjugated in the third
person of the singular number ; as il phut, it rains ;
il pleuvait, it did rain ; il pliit, it rained, &c.
Q. How are Verbs distinguished with respect to their
use and signification ?
A. By six different denominations, of which it will be
sufficient, for our present purpose, to mention the
two following, viz. The Auxilary and Active Verbs, t
* Besides the signification prefixed to this Pronoun, it is also ren-dered
by ce qui, cc que and qud ; according to the sense it implies.
t The name and use of other kinds of Verbs may be known, if
required, by referring to the Practical French Grammar, p. 92.
71)
Q. What are the auxilary Verbs,? ^
A. They are a kind of Verbs which, being prefixed to
the Participle of other Verbs, help to convey the
meaning of such actions or conditions as cannot be
expressed by single words in modern languages,
a.s' J'ai donne, I have given; Je suis blame, I am
blamed, &.c. There are but two of them, viz. avoir
to have ; etre, to be.
Q. What are Active Verbs ?
A. They are Verbs, that express an action that passes
from an agent to an object, as he drinks wine, {it boit
du vin ;) in which phrases, drinks is the Verb Active;
He, the Agent, and Wine, the Object of that action.
Q. What grammatical Accidents are there in French
Verbs ?
A. There are four, viz. The Moods, Tenses, Numbers,
and Persons of their respective conjugations.
Q. What is meant by the conjugation of a Verb ?
A. The due distribution of the several inflections of a
Verb, into Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons.
Q. How many different Conjugations are there in
French ?
A. There are four, which are known by the termination
of the Infinitive Moods of Verbs ?
Q. What are the marks of each Conjugation ?
A. The first ends in er, as donner, to give ; the second
in ir, asjinir, to finish ; the third in oir, as recevoir,
to receive ; the fourth in re, as rendre, to restore. But
as some Verbs vary in their inflections, they are dis-tinguished
into Regular and Irregular Verbs.
Q. What is signified by Moods ?
A. They are divers distinctions that are made in the man-ner
of using Verbs, in order to express the different
circumstances of actions, conditions, or sensations.
Q. How many Moods are there in Verbs ?
A. Five, which are called tlie Infinitive, Indicative,
Subjunctive, Imperative, and Conditional.
Q,. What is meant by Tenses ?
A. They are the divisions of the Moods, which serve
to indicate, by various endings, the time in which
something is, was. or shall be done, and are there
BO
fore called Present, Imperfect, Preterite, and Future
Tenses.
Q. What are Persons in Verbs ?
A. Those inflections that are adapted to thek respective
Pejsonal Pron&uns ; there are three in each number,
as may be seen in the following conjugations.
CONJUGAISON DU VERBE AVOIR (3. ir.)
INFINITIF.
Present, Avoir, to have.
Participle pres. ayant, having.
Participle pret. eu m. ef. had.
Present
liMJlUJ
Compose du Pres.
S. 1. J'ai, I have.
"
eu, had.
2. Tu as, thou hast. ete been.
3. n ou elle a, he or she 1. donne, given.
has. >
P. ]. Nous avons, we have. 2. fini, finished.
2. Vous avez you have. 3. reqn, received.
lis ou elles ont, they have. _^
4. rendu, restored
Imparfait . Com. de rimp.
S. J'avais, I had.
~
eu, had.
Tu avais, thou hadst. ete, been.
11 avait, he had. 1. donne, given.
P, jSous avions, we had. 2. fini, finished
Vous aviez, you had. 3. lequ. received.
lis avaient, they had. ^ 4. rendu, restored.
%* The capital letters S. P., which are placed before
and at the beginning of the subdivisions of the Tenses,
denote their respective Singular and Plural Numbers
The figures 1, 2,3, in the first column, indicate the three
different Persons of each number ; those of the second
column, viz. 1, 2, 3, 4, serve to point out the particular
conjugation of those Verbs to which the adjoining Parti
ciples belong, for don?ie comes from donner.
81
Preterit. Comp. du Pret.
S. J'eus, I had. eu, had.
Tu eus thou hadst. ete, been.
11 eut, he had. 1.
>
donne, given
P. Nous eumes, we had. 2. fini, finished.
Vous eutes, you had. 3. regu, received.
Us eurent, they had. , 4. rendu, restored.
Future. Comp. du Future.
S J'aurai, I shall or will
"^
eu. had.
have ;
Tu auras, thou shalt have ;
ete been.
n aura, he shall have ;
1. donne given.
P. Nous aurons, we shall > 2. fini, finished.
have
;
Vous aurez, you shall 3. regu, received.
have;
lis auront, they shall 4. rendu, restored.
have ; ^
Conditional. Comp. du Cond.
S. J'aurais, I should have ;
^
eu, had
Tu aurais, thou shouldst ete, been.
have ;
n aurait, he should 1. donne, given.
have ;
P. Nous aurions wo '
2. fini, finished.
should have ;
Vous auriez, you 3. re^u, received
should have ;
lis auraient, they should 4. rendu, restored
have. ^
Present.
S. Que, That. ^
J'aie, I may have
Tu aies, thou mayest
have
;
n ait, he may have ;
SUBJONCTIF.
Compose du Pres,
Quoique, although
eu, had.
ete, been.
P. Nous ayons, we may
have
;
Vous ayez, you may
have;
lis aient, they may
have, j
Preterit.
S. J'eusse. I might have ;
Tu eusses, thou mightst
have
;
n etit, he might have.
P. Nous eussions, we
might have ;
Vous eussiez, you
might have ;
lis eussent, they might
have.
1. donne
(^ 2. fini,
3. regu,
4. rendu,
given.
finished.
received.
restored.
Comp. du Pret.
eu,
ete,
had
been.
1. donne,
2. fini,
3. regu.
4. rendu.
given,
finished
received
restored
IMPERATIF.
Aie, Have or have thou. Ayons, Let us have.
Qu'il ait, let him have, ayez, have or have you.
Qu'elle ait, let her have, qu'ils aient, m. p. ) let them
qu'ellesaient,/.p. 5 have.
CONJUGAISON DU VERBE EIRE (4. ir.)
INFINITIF.
Present, Etre, to be.
Participles pres. etant, being.
Participle pret. ete, been.
m
INDICATIF.
Present. Compose du Pres.
1. Je suis, I am.^ content, satisfied.
2. Tu es, thou art. I pret, ready.
3. II ou elle est, he or j
1. estime, esteemed.
she is J
P. 1. Nous sommes, we
are.
2. Vous etes, you are.
3 lis ou elles sont, they
2. punis,
3. regus,
4. craints,
punished.
received,
dreaded
Imparfait. Comp. de I'lmp
S. J'etais,
Tu etais
It etait,
P. Nous etions,
Vous etiez,
lis etaient,
I was.
thou wast.
he was.
we were,
you were,
the}^ were.^
content,
pret,
1. estime,
2. punis,
3. regus,
4. craints,
satisfied
ready.
esteemed.
punished,
received,
dreaded.
Preterit.
S. Je fus,
Tu fus,
II fut,
I was.
thou wast.
he was.
Comp. du Pret.
P. Nous fumes, we were.
Vous futes, you were.
lis furent, they were.
Future
S. Je serais, I shall or will^
be.
Tu seras, thou shalt be.
n sera, he shall be.
P. Nous serons, we shall be.
Vous serez, you shall be.
lis seront, they shall be. ^
content,
pret,
^
1. estime,
2. punis,
3. lequs,
4. craints,
satisfied.
ready.
esteemed.
punished
received,
dreaded
Comp. du Fut.
content, satisfied
pr^t,
^
1. estime,
2. punis,
3. regus,
4. craints.
ready
esteemed
punished,
received
dreaded,
84
Conditional. Comp. du Cond.
S. Je serais, I should be. "l content,
pret,
1. estime,
Tu serais, thou shouldst
be.
II serait, he should be.
P'Nous serions, we should }>2. punis,
be.
Vous seriez, you should 3. re9us,
be.
lis seraient, they should 4. craints,
be.
J
satisfied,
ready.
esteemed.
punished
received
dreaded.
9UBJ0NCTIF.
Present.
S. Que, That,
Je sois, I may be.
Tu sois, thou mayst be.
II soit, * he may be.
Compose du Pres.
Quoique, althouo;h
content,
pret,
1. estime
P. Nous soyons, we may be. "^ 2. punis,
Vous soyez, you may be. >3. regus,
lis soient, they may be. J 4. craints,
satisfied,
read},
esteemed.
punished
received,
dreaded.
Preterit.
S. Je fusse, I might be.
Tu fusses, thou mightest
be.
n fut, he might be.
P Nous fussions, we might
be.
Vous fussiez, you might
be.
lis fussent, they might be..
Comp. du Pret.
content, satisfied.
pret,
1. estime,
^2. punis,
3. regus,
4. craints,
ready
esteemed.
punished.
received.
dreaded.
IMPERATIF.
SiNGULIER. PlURIEL.
Sois Be or be thou.
Qu'u soit, let him be.
Qu'elle soit, let her be.
Soyons, Let us be.
Soyez, be or be you,
Qu'ils soi'>nt, let them be.
85
\* Learners are to observe, that all Adjectives and
Participles of the Preterite, which are annexed to any of
the Inflections of this Verb, must be of the same Gender
and Jfumber as the Pronoun or Substantive that is adapted
to them : as in the following examples
—
Je suis content,
m. sing
—
Je suis contente, f. sing, &c. Jfous sommes pujiiSy
m. plur. J^Tous sommes punies, f, plur. &c.
MODELE DE LA lere CONJUGAISON.
INFINITIF.
Present, Donner, to give.
Participle pres. donnant, giving.
Participle pret. donne m. ef. given.
INDICATIF.
Present.
Je donne, I give ;
Tu donnes, Thou givest
;
II donne, He gives
;
Nous donnons,
Vousdonnez,
lis donnent,
We give ;
You give ;
They give
Imparfait.
Je donnais,
Tu donnais,
H donnait,
Nous donnions,
Nous donhiez,
Us donnaient.
I did give
;
Thou didst give ;
He did give.
We did give
;
You did give
;
They did give.
Preterit.
Je donnai,
Tu donnas,
n donna,
Nous donnames,
Vous donnates,
lis donnerent
8
I gave ;
Thou gavest,
He gave.
We gave ;
You gave
They gave.
Compose du Pres.
J'ai donne,
I have given
;
Tu as donne ;
Thou hast given.
II a donne
;
He has given, &c
Comp. de I'lmp.
J'avais donne,
I had given
;
Tu avais donne.
Thou hadst given
,
II avait donne.
He had given, &c.
Comp. du Pret.
J'eus donne,
I had given ;
Tu eus donne,
Thou hadst given;
U eut donne,
He had given.
86
Singulier.
Je donnerai, I shall or
will give ;
Tu donneras, Thou shalt
give
;
3s donnera, he shall give.
Pluriel.
Nous donnerons, we shall
give;
Vous donnerez, you shall
give
,
lis donneront, they shall
give.
CONDITIONAL.
Je donnerais,
Tu donnerais,
II donnerait,
I should give
;
Thou shouldst give
;
He should give
;
Nous donnerions, We should give ;
Vous donneriez, You should give ;
lis donneraient, They should give ;
Je donne,
Tu donnes,
II donne,
SUBJONCTIF.
Present.
I may give
;
Thou mayest give
He may give
.
Nous 'Aonnions,
Vous donniez,
lis donnent,
We may give
;
You may give
;
They may give.
Preterit.
Je donnasse, I might give ;
Tu donnasses, Thou mightst give
n donnat, He might give.
Nous donnassions, We might give ;
Vous donnassiez, You might give ;
Us tlonnassent, They might give.
Comp. du Cond
J'aurais donne,
I should have
given
;
Tu autais donne,
Thou shouldst
have given
;
II aurait donne,
He should have
given, &c
Comp. du Pres.
J'aie donne,
I may have given,
Tu aies donne
Thou mayest have
given,
II ait donne, he may
have given.
Comp. du Pret.
J'eusse donne,
I might have given;
Tu eusses donne,
Thou mightest have
given ,
II eftt donne,
He might have
given, &c.
87
IMPERATIF
Singulier. Pluriel.
Donne, give or give thou ; Donnons, Let us give,
Qu'il donne, let him give ; Donnez, give or give you,
Qu'eile donne, let her give. Qu'ils donnent, let them
give.
*^* Most verbs ending in er, may be conjugated after
this model ; for there are but four of that terminatic«
which deviate from it, viz : Aller, to go ; Envoyer, to send
;
Puer, to stink ; Recouvrer, to recover ; whose irregularities
or indifferent inflections, are displayed in the Practical
French Grammar, from page 127 to page 129.
MODELE DE LA Ilde CONJUGAISON.
INFINITIF.
Present, Finir, to Finish.
Participle Pres. finissant, finishing.
Participle pret. fini, m. ef.
INMCATIF.
finished.
Present. Compose du Pres.
Je finis. I finish
;
J'ai fini,
Tu finis, Thou finishest
;
I have finished
;
11 finit. He finishes. Tu as fini,
Thou hast finished
;
Nous finissons, We finish; 11 a fini.
Vous finissez, You finish; He has finished,
lis linissent, They finish. &c.
Imparfait. Comp. de I'lmp
Je finissais I did finish ; J' avals fini,
Tu finissais. Thou didst finish ; I had finished;
11 finissait, He did finish. Tu avals fini^
Thou hadst finish
Nous finissionjI We did finish : ed;
Vous finissiez, You did finish ; 11 avait fini,
l]s finissaient, They did finish. He had finished &c.
88
Preterit. Corap. du Pref.
Je finis, I finished ; J'eus fijii,
Tu finis, Thou finishedst; I had finished
;
11 fiinit, He finished. Tu eus fini,
Thou hadst finish-
Nous finimes, We finished ; ed ;
Vous finites, You finished
;
11 eut fini,
Us finirent, They finished.
FUTURE.
Hehadfinished,&c
SingnUer. Pluriel.
Je finirai, I shall or will Nous finironsj We shall
finish
:
finish
;
Tu finiras, Thou shalt fin- Vous finirez. You shall
ish: finish
11 finira, He shall finish. lis finirent, They shall finish.
CONDITIONAL.
Comp. du Cond.
Je finirais, I should finish ; J'aurais fini,
Tu finirais. Thou shouldst fin- I should have fin-ish
; ished;
n finirait, He should finish
;
Tu aurais fini.
Nous finirions We should finish ; Thou shouldst have
Vous finiriez, You should finish ; finished
11 aurait fini,
lis finiraient, They should finish.
SUBJONCTIF.
He should have
finished, &c.
Present. Compose du Pres.
Je finisse, I may finish
;
J'aie fini,
Tu finisses, Thou may'st fin- I may have finish-ish
;
ed;
11 finisse, He may finish. Tu aies fini,
Thou mayst have
Nous finissions We may finish
;
finished
;
Vous finissiez You may finish
;
11 ait fini,
Tls finissent They may finish. He may have fin-ished,
&.C.
89
Je finii^se,
Tu finisses,
II fin it,
Nous finissions,
Voiis finissiez,
lis finissent,
Preterit.
I might finish
Thou „ .
ish
He might finish ; We miofht finish
mightst fin-
You might finish ;
They might finish.
IMPERATIF.
Comp. du pret.
J'eusse fini,
I might have fin-ished
;
Tu eusses fini,
Thou miglitst have
finished;
II eut fini,
He might have fin-ished,
&c.
Singulier.
Finis, Finish or finish thou;
Qu'il finisse, let him finish
;
Qu'elle finisse, let her fin-ish.
Pluriel.
Finissons, Let us finish
;
Finissez, finish or finish you;
Qu'ils finissent, let them
finish.
%* The remark vi^hich learners may make on the
Verbs of this Conjugation is, that the Present and the
Preterite of the Subjunctive Mood, have nearly the same
inflections ; as they only differ with respect to their ter-minations
in the third person of the Singular Number,
viz. ilfinisse, in the Present, and ilfinit, in the Preterite.
MODELE DE LA Illeme. CONJUGAISON.
Present,
Participe, pret.
Participe, pret.
/e regois,
Tu reQois,
II regoit,
Nous recevons,
Vous recevez,
lis re(joivent,
8*
INFINITIF.
Recevoir,
recevant,
regu, m. ef.
INDICATIF.
Present.
I receive ;
Thou receivest
;
He receives.
We receive
;
You receive
;
They receive
to receive,
receiving,
received.
Compose du Pres.
J'ai regu,
I have received;
Tu as regu.
Thou hastreceived;
II a rcgu.
He has receiveaj
&C.
90
Imparfait. Comp. de ITmp
Je recevais, I did receive , J'avais regu,
Tu recevais, Thou didst receive; [ had received
;
11 recevait, He did receive. Tu avals regu.
Thou hadst receiv
Nous recevions, We did receive
;
ed-
Vous receviez, You did receive
;
Q avait regu,
lis recevaient, They did receive. He had received,
&c.
Preterit. Comp. du Pret
Je regus, I received ; J'eus regu,
Tu regus, Thou receive dst
;
I had received
;
n re gut, He received. Tu eus regu.
Thou hadst receiv-
Nous reguraes, We received
;
ed;
Vous regutes, You received
;
11 eut regu,
lis regurent, They received. He had received.
&c.
FUTURE.
Singulier Pluriel.
Je recevrai, I shall or will Nous recevrons. We shall
receive : receive;
Tu recevras. Thou shalt Vous recevrez. You shall
receive : receive
;
lis recevra, He shall re- Us recevj,-oiit, They shall
ceive. receive.
CONDITIONAL.
Comp. du Cond.
Je recevrais. I should receive
;
J'aurais regu,
Tu recevrais. Thou shouldst re- I should have re-ceive
; ceived;
11 recevrait. He should receive
;
Tu aurais regu,
Nous recevrions. We should re- Thou shouldst
ceive ; have received j
Vous recevriez, You should re-ceive
; 11 aurait regu,
lis recevraient, They should re- He should have re-ceive
ceived, &c
91
Je re.QOive,
Tu reQoives,
II re9oive,
Nous recisvions
SUBJONCTIF.
Present.
I may receive ;
Thou mayst re-ceive
:
He may r