Technical bulletin no. 32

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AIR SERVICE INFORMATION CIRCULAR
VOLUME V
(AVIATION AND AEROSTATION)
BY DIRECTION OF CHIEF OF AIR SERVICE
FEBRUARY, 1923
TECHNICAL BUl.~LETIN
No. 32
NUMBER 425
DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT MATERIAL FOR UNITED STATES
AIR SERVICE UNDER SUPERVISION OF ENGINEERING DIVISION.
PUBUSHED BY
ENGINEERING DIVISION, AIR SERVICE
MCCOOK FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO
1923
McCook Field-3-1-23-IM
•
•
CONFIDENTIAL
The information contained herein is confidential and therefore
must not be republished, either i~ whole or in part, without
express permission of the Chief of Air Service, U. S. Army .
,.
•
f
AIRPLANES
Views of New Curtiss NBS-1 Bomber __________ __________ ··········-······················-·············--············-· 4
Boeing Completes Deliveries on MB-3A-Four Production PW-2's r eceived at Mc-
Cook, balance cancelled-Fokker PW-S's delivered to Selfridge Field _______ ·····--·-·-- 5
Cancellation of Gallaudet C0-1, one airplane delivered to McCook-Progress on
Fokker C0-4 and Air Service NBS-1 contracts .. ·-·-·- ·-····· ·---··· --·········· ···-··········· ·---· 6
The new NBS-1 Bomber, description, characteristics and performance .. --··-····----·-·····---- 6-9
Assembly of Barling Bomber- TA-3 flight tests in progress ... ·--···· --···- ··············--------·---- 8
Del'ivery of TA-5 in Apvil-Huff-Daland TA-6 received-Tests on Cox-Klemin TW-2
Discontinued-TW-3 under test ·········---························---·····-·--·-·· --···················-········---- 10
Design for Ambulance Airplane approved by Chief of Air Service-Proposed com­bination
endurance and distance flight for T-2 Transport····--···-·--·--·····--------- ----···--·--- - 10
Air Service Racers; speed trials of R-6; bids fori Air Transports----·-- --······-- ---·------·········- 11
AIRSHIPS AND BALLOONS.
Stress analyisis and wind tunnel tests on RS-1-Assembly of U. S. M. B. at ,vilbur
Wright Field-Tests and transfer of Navy Towing Airship ···-----··-··-·····-----···. ·-··-- 12
New Envelopes for Zodiac Airship-Avorio-Prassonie Observation Balloons-Design
of balloon for National balloon race ····-------······-----··············---··- -- -··········· ------ -· ······--·-- - 13
Balloon Cabinet for altitude fl'ight-Emergency Docking Rail-Helium Tests ... ·-···-··- 13
Electrolytic Gas Cell with illustration. .... -··----- -- -- --······-----·--·········-- ----"-··········---------·--······----13-14
ARMAMENT.
Reworking of R-3 Bomb Rack for re-distribution to service-New Safety Release
Handles received-Modified Bomb Sights sent to Aberdeen for service t est­Experimental
Mounts for DH-4B-Adaptation of Nelson Synchr;onizer to Air-
Cooled Engine ----····-- ---- --········-,--····--··········--··········-···--------··· ·········---- ---·-······--·- --····· ······---·-- 15
ENGINES.
Performance of experimental and production "J-1" Engines .... ·-----·-·--·······------------·······--- 15
New "K" cylinder designed by Engineering Division-Second endurance test of
Wright Radial- Wright Radial to be installed in DH-4B._· ----- ----····--··--··--------··-···--···· 16
First production ' 'W-lA" rece'ived from Packard .. . ·---·····----·' ····--------··---·-····---·····------······-·- 16
Special cylinder block for Packard "2025"- Storage test on Wright engine- Second
test on Wright "E-2"-Liberty engine in inverted position with illustration .... --.. 17
Magneto endurance tests-Supercharger for Cur tiss ''D-12"-New "W" cyli:ll.der.---·· 18
EQUIPMENT.
Field servicing truck for. aircraft . -·-·········---·····- ···---····---···············-·····-------·-···---- ----··········--- -· 18
Type IL Generators-Landing Light, ,1923 model-Earth Inductor Compass----········-- -- 19
Gaumont Camera for Porto Rico Expedition-Tri-Lens Camera "Tl" for _Navy;
new shutters manufactured by W ollensak Co.-Pos·itype Film for gun camera____ 20
RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT.
RESUME' OF ENGINEERING DIVISION SERIAL REPORTS.
Alignment of Balance of McCook Field \Vind Tunnel-Static test Cox-Klemin TW -2
Airplane-Test of Model Aerofoils ·····-·-····- --····-· ····------ --· ·········-·--·····-··-·----·-----··· -····---- 21
Henrix-Luebbert Portable Hangar-Performance tests on Eng. Div. C0-1 and Fok-ker
C0-4 airplanes-Service test of Fokker C0-4-Calibration of Airspeed
· Indicators-Ground handling equipmeRt for balloons and airships .. ·---···----·····---·· 22
Machine Sewing Threads on airplane wing fabrics-Standard ;method for engine
calculations-Crank-pin bear'ing pressures on Lawrance Radial Engine-l<'uel
Head. for Liberty Engine on propeller load_·····-····-····-- ·······---·,··----·············-··-······-······ 23
INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS.
Cellulose Acetate material for vvindshields-Wing Enamel vs. Pigmented Dope­Siegelite
Gasket material-Test of oil used in T-2 endurance flight at San
Diego-Dyed Tetrachloride for Fire Extinguishers ···········----· -----··········-------······-· ---- - 24
Stra'ight-side tire and wheel 54x12-For,mation of Aluminum deposits in fuel
systems-"Bario" Metal Wire resists corrosion-"Bruntoniized" Cable ............ ____ 25
Connecting rod failure after 3 yn,. service-Tropical Climate affects Airplane wood__ 26
NEW BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS.
Documents added to Engineering Division Reference Files ··---·--···---· ·········----········-·------ 27
4 TE CH N I CA L B UL LET I N N o. 32
CURTISS NBS-I-NIGHT BOMBER
(Two Liberty "12" Engines)
(See Page 6)
; )
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT
ON ENGINEERING D!VISION PROGRAM
AIRPLANES
PURSUIT
Boeing MB-3A (Wright "H" 300-h. p. Engine.)
The Boeing Airplane Company of Seattle, Washington, have completed deliveries on produc­tion
contract for 200 airplanes and spares with the exception of 67 propellers
Performance tests of the Boeing model with special wings, which was submitted for com­parison
with the standard production model, have been completed by the Engineering Division.
A report of the test is being compiled.
Loening PW-2 (Wright "H" 300-h. p. Engine.)
Air Service Order No. 208-22 issued by Chief of Air Service, \Vashington, D. C., for the
construction of ten ( 10) production airplanes, Model PW-2, by the Loening Aeronautical En­gineering
Corporation of New York, has been changed to include only four ( 4) airplanes, all of
which have been delivered to McCook Field, thereby cancelling the six remaining articles. The
wings of these airplanes, seven sets in a!L including spares, were made by the Dayton-Wright
Company under a sub-contract.
The disposition of the four airplanes now being set-up at this station for inspection and ac­ceptance
has been ordered as follows: One article to be partially assembled without wing for ground
test of engine and armament installations, another to be completely assembled for flight test by
this Division, and the two remaining articles to be assembled i nd flown to Selfridge Field, Mount
Clemens, Michigan, for service test.
A static test on set of production wings gave the following results :
Low Incidence C oudition.-\.V ing carried required load factor of 5.5 without fai lure .
High Incidence Condition.-\,Ving carried required load factor of 8.5 satisfactorily. The load­ing
was then carried to a factor of 10 without fai lure after which the test was discontinued to pre­vent
possible damage.
Views, characteristics, and description of the experimental Mode! PW-2A which was placed
in production are given in Technical Bulletin No. 28.
Fokker PW-5 (Wright "H-2" 300-h. p. Engine).
Eight airplanes with spares have been received at Selfridge Field, Michigan, where they are
being assembled and flight-tested prior to acceptance by the Government. This shipment completes
the production contract with the Netherlands Aircraft Company of Holland for ten Fokker air­planes,
Air Service Model P\V-5, two of which were received by the Engineering Division last
October.
As stated in the last number of the Bulletin, one of the airplanes delivered to this Field was
fitted with a \ i\Tright Model H-2 engine and later flown to Selfridge F ield for use as an assembly
model and the other fitted with a \Vright Model H -3 engine and retained at McCook Field for
test.
6 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
During calibration flight, this airplane developed a speed of 137.7 m. p. h. A slight flutter­ing
or oscillation of the wing tips was observed at certain critical speeds and as a result, the wing
was subjected to several vibration tests on tbe ground at various engine speeds. A static test of the
wing will also be made.
OBSERVATION
Gallaudet C0-1 (Liberty "12" Engine).
Delivery of the first production CO-I airplane which was completed by the Gallaudet Air­craft
Corporation of East Greenwich, R. I., in January, has been made to this station. The con­struction
of the two remaining airplanes on this contract has been canceled at the request of the
contractor. This action became necessary as the cost of construction of the first article greatly
exceeded the original estimate.
The Air Service Model CO-I is an all-metal airplane of the monoplane type designed by the
Engineering Division for corps observation purposes. Views, description, and performance of
the experimental model which was built in the shops of the Engineering Division at McCook
Field were published in Technical Bulletin ·No. 27.
Fokker C0-4 (Liberty "12" Engine).
The Engineering Division's representative reports satisfactory progress on the A. S. Model
C0-4 airplanes under construction by the Netherlands Aircraft Company (Fokker factory) at
Amsterdam, Holland. This work is being carried on under two separate Air Service contracts for
three and five airplanes, respectively. The first airplane received on the contract for three was
purchased for experimental purposes prior to the construction of the other models. (For further
details see Technical Bulletin No. 31). The second and third airplanes on this contract have
been completed and flight tested in Holland. Construction on the other contract is pro.ceeding
satisfactorily. It is probable that shipment of the completed articles will be made in March.
BOMBARDMENT
NB~-1 (Two ·Liberty "12" Engines).
The status of construction on Air Service contracts
airplanes is as follows :
for eighty-five production Model NBS-I
Maker
Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Corporation ..
L-W -F Engineering Company ..... .... .
Aeromarine Plane & Motor Company . ... .
Nu.niber on Contract
so
35
Accepted
31
30
Shipped
31
25
25 (lst airplane under construction)
Curtiss NBS-1.-The following article gives briefly the principal characteristics and perform­ances
of a production Model NBS-I airplane built by the Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Corporation
of Garden City, Long Island, New York. This airplane was submitted to the Engineering Division
for test.
In general layout and appearance, the Curtiss NBS-I closely resembles the original design, the
Martin MB-2 homber, which was designed and built for the Air Service some time ago by the
Glenn L. Martin Company of Cleveland, Ohio. And altho the new bomber is essentially the same
as the MB-2 in fundamental dimensions and characteristics ( see Technical Orders No. 22), certain
modifications of more or less magnitude have been incorporated into it by the Engineering Division
which have resulted in a substantial improvement in the entire design.
The principal changes embody a general strengthening of the fuselage structure and improve­ment
of the airplane from a maintenance standpoint. The engines are set in a more forward posi­tion
which brings the plane of the propellers in front of the rudder bar, thus affording greater
safety to the pilot in case of propeller breakage. In event of a "nose-over," this position of the en­gines
further protects the pilot by taking the shock and preventing the crumping of the nose of
the fuselage past this point. A number of minor improvements have been made in the pilot's
I
I
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT 7
cockpit and seat which provide greater comfort
affords plain visibility of all of the instruments.
has resulted in greater ease of operation.
and ease of control. The new instrument board
The location of the plane · and engine controls
In general, the NBS-1 airplane is a twin-engined, externally-braced biplane having symmetrical
wings of equal span and chord. The outboard sections of both upper and lower wings may be folded
backward parallel with the fuselage, thus permitting the airplane to be housed in an ordinary
hangar. \Vhen in the folded position, the outer cdlule is rigidly supported by means of two auxiliary
struts at the wing hinge, one of which forms a vertical support between the upper and lower wing
front spars and the other a horizontal brace between the lower front spar hinge fittings. ·
The power plant consists of two standard Liberty "12" engines operating as tractors, each en­gine
being mounted in a nacelle built integral with the lower inboard wing section, and driving
two-bladed Hartzell propellers with a pitch of 5' 10" and diameter of 10'. Each engine is fitted
with an independent battery ignition system of the Delco type, all leads being encased in separate
conduit to the ignition battery and engine. Each engine is also equipped with a Bijur ignition-encl
electric starter, current for which is supplied by a separate starting battery which is recharged by
a wind-driven generator mounted on struts above the right hand radiator.
The fuel system consists of four tanks , two main tanks and two gravity tanks. The main
tank being located in the nacelle at the rear of the engine and the gravity tank in the upper wing
center section immediately above it. Fuel is supplied from the main tank to the carburetors or from
the main tank to the gravity tank by means of two wind-driven gasoline pumps, each of which is
mounted on the lower wing beneath the nacelle and by gravity to the carburetors . The Strom­berg
NA-L-5 carburetors of the inverted type are fitted to each engine.
The oil is supplied bv an engine-driven pump. With the supercharger installation, the oil lines
are extended ·to lubricate the superch:uger.
Exceptionally good cooling system is used on this airplane. Free-air radiators of Glenn L.
Martin design are mounted on top of the t>ngine nacelle. These have an Air Service standard nine­inch
core and frontal area of 306 sq. ft. Shutters are cqntrolled by means of cables operated from
the pilot's cockpit.
A closed pressure water system is used only with the supercharger installation. This is oper­ated
by a relief valve, located in the radiator filler cap, set to release at three pounds per square
inch internal pressure.
Since the airplane is designed for night bombing purposes, it is fully equipped with the latest
bomb racks, both external and internal, release mechanisms, bomb sights, and night fl ying equip­ment
such as navigation lights, flares, signal lights, etc The exceptionally wide tread of the land­ing
gear and the absence of structural members beneath the fuselage permit an unobstructed path
for the dropping of bombs
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE.
(Without Supercharger)
DIMENSIONS
Overall span . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ .
Overall length . . . . ........................................ .
Overall height ........ . .... .... .................. .. ....... .
Aerofoil ........ ; . . ....... . .... . .................... ..... .
Span of wing (Upper and lower same) ......... ; . ..... . ...... .
Span of center section ...... . . .... . ........ . ... .... ... ... ... .
Chord of wing ... .. ............ .. .... .... . .... .. ....... .. .
Dihedral ( but board sections) .............................. .
Gap .... .... . .. ............ .. ........ . ......... . .......... .
Incidence ............... .. .................... .. .......... .
Stagger ................... .... .............. .. ..... · ...... ·.
Sweep back ........... ... ...... .. .. . . . . . .................. .
74' 2"
42' 7%"
14' 8"
Albatross
74' 2"
27' 0"
7' 10-15/ 16"
20
8' 6"
20
None
None
8 T E CH NI CA L B U LL ET I N No. 32
AREAS.
Ailerons ( 4) ............................................. .
Elevator ..... .... ... ... . ... .. ......... ..... . ............ .
Fin (2) ........ . .... ... .. ....... ...... ... ... . ...... . .... .
Rudders (2) ............................................ . .
Stabilizer ............................. ... ..... ..... ...... .
Center section ........ .... .... .. .... . ..... . ....... .... . ... .
Upper wing ....... . . . .............. .. ... ..... . ........... .
Lower wing ..... . ... ... ..... ......... ... . . . .... . . . ..... .. .
Total supporting surface ....... ... . . . ....... . . .. .. .. . .... .. .
WEIGHT IN POUNDS
Empty ( including water) .. .. ...... .... ..... . .. ... ..... . .. . .
Armament . ... .... .... .......... . ..... ... . ........ ..... .. .
Equipment- .................................. -............. .
Crew (3) ....................................... . .. . ..... .
Fuel ...................................... · .... ... . ...... .
Oil ..................................................... .
Total weight ..... ... ... . ............ . . . ... ....... ... .. .. . .
Weight per square foot .................................... .
Weight per horsepower .................................... .
Useful load ... ..... .. . . ..... ...... . .. . ..... . ... ........ .. .
CLIMB
Standard
Altitude
Time Rate
m mm. ft/min.
0
6,500 22.46
8,500 S. C. 35.66
10,000 A. C.
391
193
100
0
PERFORMANCE
Engine
r.p.m.
1578
1568
1546
1520
Endurance at 10,000 ft.-6 hrs. 48 min.
Minimum speed at sea-level-61.7 m. p. h.
SPEED
Level flight
m.p.h.
98.7
91.1
86.2
71.9
130
43.2
8.8
39.5
62.25
220.55
577
544
sq. ft.
1121
7268.5
1797.5
448
540
1800
210
12064
10.76
14.43
4795.5
Engine
r. pm.
1676
1613
1575
1520
"
"
"
The flying characteristics of the NBS-1 are practically identical with those of the Martin MB-2
airplane. It handles and flies in much the same manner but with considerable improvement. The
greatest improvement, however, is shown in the ease of control and the comfort prqvided for the
pilot. The maintenance problem, particularly in regard to the controls, has been greatly simplified.
NBL-1 (Six Liberty "12" Engines).
The vVitteman Aircraft Corporation, Hasbrouck Heights. New Jersey, has completed delivery
on all units of the Barling Bomber to Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio, where the work of assembling
the airplane is proceeding under supervision of the Engineering Division.
It is estimated that this work will require about three months· to complete owing to the in­adequacy
of hangar facilities.
TRAINING
Dayton-Wright TA-3 (LeRhone Engine).
Performance tests have been completed on the third and last airplane built for this Division
by the Dayton-Wright Company on experimental contract for three side-by-side seater training
airplanes. The second airplane received on this contract is still under test. A new 110-h. p. Le­Rhone
engine and a new propeller have been installed for this purpose. A comparison of the re­sults
will be published when these tests are completed.
CURTISS NBS· 1
General ~rrangement.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Overall Span ......................................... ............ 74'
Overall Length ...... ................................. ...... ....... 42'
Overall Height ... ..... ...... ... ..... ............................. 14'
Approx. Overall Width (Wings folded) .. ...... 37'
Span of Enpennage .................. .............. ...... ...... 19'
Tread ................................................. ................... 16'
2"
7%,"
8"
1~"
8"
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10 T E CH N• I CA L B U LL ET I N No. 32
Dayton-Wright TA-5 (Lawrance "J-1" 220-h. p. Engine).
Last September, the Engineering Division awarded a contract to the Dayton-\i\Tright Company
of Dayton, Ohio, for the construction of one training type airplane around the Lawrance "J-1"
engine but otherwise similar in construction to the Dayton-\Vright TA-3 Model.
The work on this ai rplane has advanced to such a stage that delivery is expected about the
first of April.
Huff-Daland TA-6 (Lawrance "J-1" 220-h. p. Engine).
The new training Model TA-6 airplane which is a redesign of the modified H uff-Daland TA-2
model with Lawrance "R.-1" engine shown on page 14 in Technical B11lletin No 28, has just
been received at this station. Previous to shipment acceptance flights were made at the Huff-Da­land
factory at Ogdensburg, N. Y.
Cox-Klemin TW-2 (Wright "I" 150-h. p. Engine).
Two of the three experimental airplanes, A. S. Type XV, which were built by the Cox­Klemin
Aircraft Company, College Point, New York. on this contract, have been received and tested
by the Engineering Division.
The second airplane, the flight test model. which was equipped with a 150-h. p. Wright engine
did not develop a satisfactory ,performance. With the substitution of the \Vright Model E engine
of 180-h. p., a high speed of 99 m. p. h. was attained. Further performance testing was discon­tinued
under recommendation of the Chief Engineer and the airplane assigned for service test.
As a result of the inspection and tests of the flight test model, a list of changes and recom­mendations
have been forwarded to the contractor for incorporation in the third airplane. The
Wright Model E engine will be used in this model.
Dayton-Wright TW-3 (Wright "I" 150-h. p. Engine).
This model, two of which have been ordered from the Dayton-Wright Company by Chief of
A ir Seryice is a modification of the T A-3 airplane with a water-cooled engine. The first airplane,
completed in January, was flown to McCook F ield for inspection and tests.
F light tests were made with balanced and unbalanced types of control surfaces which were sub­mitted
by the contractor. A report of these tests is being compiled.
MISCELLANEOUS
Ambulance Airplane.
The design for an ambulance airplane of the biplane type to be built around a standard Lib­erty
"12" engine has been selected by the Chief of Air Service from the four designs submitted
by this Division.
The construction of the mock-up is under ,vay in the Engineering Division's shops and stress
analysis and detailed design work are in progress also. ·
Air Service Transport T-2.
On account of inclement w,eather and the difficulty of taking off on the soft ground at Wilbur
Wright Field with a heavy load of fuel, it became necessary to indefinitely postpone the second
endurance flight of the Air Service Transport T-2.
It is now proposed to make a combination endurance and distance record-breaking flight over a
SO-kilometer, triangular course in the vicinity of Dayton, Ohio. T he start and finish of the pro­posed
flight would naturally be at \Vilbur Wright Field in conformity with the F. A. I. rules.
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT 11
Air Service Racers.
The Air Service racers which participated in the Pulitzer Race at Selfridge Field, last Oc­tober,
were shipped to McCook Field for inspection and tests with a view of ascert::iining their
adaptation for military pursuit purposes. The extent to which this work has progressed is given in
the following:
Model R-1.- The R-1 racer, better known as the Verville-Packard and winner of the Pulitzer
contest in 1920, has been placed in storage. The Smithsonian Institute at Washington, D. C., has
requested the transfer of this airplane to that institution for exhibition purposes. It is not expected
this request will .be granted.
Model R-3.-The Verville-Sperry racer, built by the Lawrence Sperry Aircraft Company, Inc.,
at Farrningdale, New Yiork, is a thick wing, all-metal monoplane of Engineering Division design.
It is fitted with a \Vright high compression engine and a retractable chassis. During the calibra­tion
flight over the speed course at Wilbur Wright Field, a difference of 28.3 m. p. h. was observed
between the maximum qigh speeds with chassis retracted and with chassis extended. The results
are as follows :
Maximum speed with chassis retracted ........................... 191.1 m. p. m.
l\faximum speed with chassis extended ........................... 162.8 m. p. h.
As a result of the inspection and tests, it appears that the R-3 design possesses military char­acteristics
suitable for pursuit purposes.
Afodel R-4.-The Engineering Division has completed performance tests on the Loening
racer, a monoplane designed and built around the Packard "2025" engine by the Loening Aero­nautical
Engineering Corporation of New York, with the following results as based upon calibration
flights over speed course at Wilbur Wright Field.
High speed at sea level ......... · .. .... .......................... 174.5 m. p. h.
This airplane proved dangerous to fly and for this reason no further tests will be made unless
important information is desired.
Model R-5.-This airplane is now ready for th1t calibration flight tests. It is an all-metal mono­plane
design powered with a Packard "2025" engine. It was built for the Pulitzer Race by the
Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation at Ithaca, New York.
Model R-6.-The two Curtiss Army Racers which took first and second places in the 1922
Pulitzer Race have been assembled and conditioned for the special speed trials to be held at Wilbur
Wright Field in an attempt to break all existing \Vorld's speed records for one and three-kilometer
distances. Due to the change in F. A. I. rules whereby the high speed straightway course will be
changed from one to three kilometers after April 1, 1923, it is planned to make the kilometer
record before that elate. The racers are to be flown by the same pilots who won the Pulitzer
race.
The R-6 racer is a thin-winged biplane powered by a Curtiss "D-12" engine and fitted with
special wing radiators of the surface type. It was built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Cor­poration
of New York.
Circular Proposal for Transport Airplanes.
The following aircraft manufacturers and designers submitted competitive bids in response to
Engineering Division Circular Proposal issued on January 2, 1923, for the design and construction
of ten transport airplanes. The bids were opened at McCook Field on February 15, 1923.
Boeing Aircraft Company.
Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Corporation ( two bids) .
G. Elias & Bro., Inc.
Gallauclet Aircraft Corporation ( two designs).
Huff-Dalancl & Co.
Loening Aeronautical Engineering Corporation.
L-W-F Engineering Co.
Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation.
12 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
The Eberhardt Steel Products Company submitted a model prior to the opening of the bids but
their bid had not been received at the time set for the opening. However, their bid was delivered
in pe_rson by the company's representative after all bids had been opened and read.
· The general specification calls £or a transport airplane of biplane construction to be · built
around the Liberty "12" engine. The transport is to be designed to carry six passengers and two
pilots. The dimensions and arrangement of the space for passengers will permit their moving
around and standing in . comfort. Dual control is to be provided for the two pilots who will be able
to interchange quickly :and also have access to the passenger cabin. The seats for passengers are
easily removable to permit the carrying of freight.
In order to provide safety for passengers and crew, special importance is attached to the
location of fuel tanks, structural members, or other ohstructions which impede quick egress in case
of emergency. Seat-type parachutes are to be worn by each occupant.
The general characteristics required are as follows:
Weights
Crew (2) .. . .. ......... .... ..... ...... .... . .. ... ... ... . ......... .
Passengers ( 6) .. .... ... . . . ...................................... .
Fuel .. ..... .... ........... ...... ..... . .... .... .. ............ · · · ·
Oil ... . ............ ....... . . .. . .. . .. . . .................. ....... .
Equipment ( including parachutes) ................................. .
Total useful load ................................................. .
Desired Performance
360 lb.
1080 lb.
750 lb.
100 lb.
230 lb.
2520 lb.
Speed at ground . ....... . . ... .. . . .... . .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 m. p. h
Service ceiling ...... . ............................................. 10,000 ft.
AIRSHIPS AND BALLOONS
Semi-Rigid RS-1.
In connection with the construction of the RS-1 airship, the Bureau of Standards are conduct­ing
wind tunnel tests on proposed surfaces for this airship under supervision of the Engineering
Division's representative.
Two sections of the keel column have been received at McCook Field for test. Stress calcula­tions
on the design are being checked by this Division.
U. S. M. B. Airship.
The U. S. M. B. airship, built by the Airship Manufacturing Company of America, was re­ceived
at the Engineering Division's airship operating station at Wilbur Wright Field where the
assembly of the smaller units is in progress. Complete assembly and inflation cannot be under­taken
however until space in the erection hangar becomes available with the transfer of the Navy .
Towing airship to Scott Field.
The U. S. M. B. is a non-rigi~l, twin-engined airship designed for use as a test model of a
motorized observation balloon.
Navy Towing Airship.
The Navy Towing Airship, Goodyear Type AB, is being overhauled at the Engineering
Division's airship station at 'Wilbur Wright Field preparatory to being flown to Scott Field for
the assembly and erection of the U. S. M. B .. airship.
Several satisfactory flights have been made with the towing airship while at this station. A
change in the power plant has been made by this Division in which the Lawrance L-4 engine was
substituted for the Lawrance L-3 model received with the airship. A fuel vaporizer to facilitate
starting of the engine was installed and tested but the results obtained did not warrant the use of
this device with its increased complication.
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT 13
Parachute tests were made from this airship by dropping standard parachutes adapted for use.
with lighter-than-air craft. These tests did not prove entirely satisfactory, for altho the para­chtues
opened properly, the rate of descent was too rapid.
Envelopes for Zodiac Airship.
Final work on two new envelopes for the Zodiac airship which is being rebuilt for the Army
Air Service is nearing completion. The contract for the construction of the envelopes was
placed in the early part of last year.
The Zodiac airship, originally known as the ZDU\S-1, was acquired from the French Govern­ment
by the U. S. Navy and later became the property of the Army Air Service. After consid­erable
service, the airship was deflated and dismantled for a general remodeling which included, be­sides
the new envelopes ~entioned above, the installation of Liberty engines of the dirigible type
in place of the French Renault engines with which it was originally equipped. This necessitated
a complete redesign and standardization of the fuel and oil systems. -
Avorio-Prassone Observation Balloon.
Two Avorio-Prassone observation balloons have been sent to Scott Field to undergo a series of
tests for lift and stability in order to compare the relative merits of this type with those of the
Air Service standard Type "R" observation balloon.
Racing Balloon, Italian Type.
Preliminary work has been started on the design of a Racing balloon, Italian type, with a
volume of 80,000 cubic feet for use in the National Balloon Race. Profiting by the valuable ex­perience
gained in previous National and International balloon races, the best features of the bal­loons
used in those races will be incorporated in the new design.
Balloon Cabinet for High Altitudes.
Design of a closed cabinet to take the place of the ordinary . open balloon basket for carrying
the pilot and equipment on high altitude balloon flights has been started by this Division.
Emergency Docking Rail for Airship.
An emergency handling gear for small non-rigid airships has been installed at the Airship
Mooring Station at \Vilbur Wright Field. This device is an improved docking rail used to re­strain
the airship from lateral movement while being maneuvered in and out of the hangar. It is
intended for use only in such places where better facilities are not available. The equipment is be­ing
tested.
Helium Tests with Military Airships.
Helium tests with Military airships are nearing completion at Langley Field and it is ex­pected
that a complete report will be available within a short time.
Cost calculations on operating airships with helium have been completed by this Division.
Electrolytic Gas Cell.
The special electrolytic cell shown in the accompanying illustration was developed by the En­gineering
Division as a highly efficient gas producer for use in a Railway Hydrogen Producing
Plant. It is also the first electrolytic cell ever developed for the production of hydrogen gas that
is capable of being used £or portable purposes. The Producing Plant consists of forty of these cells
installed in a standard railroad box car especially adapted for this purpose. The original cell de­sign
has been developed and rebuilt with a resultant decrease in cost of nearly fifty per cent.
The cell, itself, is constructed with electrodes of the grid type in place of the plate-type
electrodes commonly used in other types of electrolytic cell construction. This is a new feature in
cell design and represents a complete innovation in the construction of electrolytic cells.
14 T E CH N I CAL B UL LET I N No. 32
In the development of this cell, the grid electrode has been found to serve two very important
purposes, namely, the reduction of the polarization resistance of the electrodes to a minimum
quantity ·and the formation of a more thorn circulation of the electrolyte which results in a r educed
polarization resistance of the electrolyte itself. This method of construction gives increased elec­trical
efficiency and has made it possible to build a cell of sinaller size and less weight than has been
generally practised in the manufacture of electrolytic gas-cell s. T he gas-separating diaphragms in
this cell are carefully protected against strain due to the surging of the electrolyte under condi ­tions
of transportation such as may be expected in event of in stallation in a railroad car. The par­ticular
feature of portable cell design has always been a complex problem and is the main rea­son
for the Air Service not being able to adapt any of the present commercial types of cell to meet
this most important requirement.
Another feature is that only one third of the usual amount of electrolyte is required for this
special type of cell This reduces the weight more than 200 pounds per cell which is greatly below
the weight of any commercial cell of like capacity It also greatly reduces the space required per
unit in the in stallation of the plant.
The cell is of such size and shape that a double-decking arrangement may be used in the stan­dard
fo rty-foot box car. This permits the in stallation of eighty cells in stead of fo rty, thus increas­ing
the rate of generating hydrogen to 1200 cubic feet per hour on the same current strength of
600 amperes. T he gas output per cell can be further increased by boosting the amperage to seven
or eight hundred or even a thousand amperes but it has been found that the cell operates with
greatest efficiency in every respect on a load of 600 amperes.
ELECTROLYTIC GAS CELL.
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT 15
The Railway Hydrogen Generating Plant consists of two units, the power unit and t he cell
unit, each of which occupies a separate railroad car. The power unit consists of a direct current
power plant driven by a gas engine fo r supplying electric current to the cell unit. The cell unit con­sists
of forty electrolytic cells which will have a capacity for generating hydrogen gas at the rate of
600 cubic feet per hour when operating under a load · of 600 amperes. The purity of hydrogen
gas generated by this cell registers 99.8 cp.
ARMAMENT
Bomb Racks.
Type R-3.-0ne hundred and thirty bomb release handles, type R-3, which are now dis­tributed
throughout the Service will be returned to the Engineering Division for reworking. Twenty­four
of these have been received and are now in the process of reworking.
Type L-6,-Fifty type L-6 safety release handles for use on external bomlb racks were re­ceived
and accepted as satisfactory.
Bomb Sights.
Army lvforli J-A .-Three modified Army bomb sights, Mark I-A, and three modified Navy
bomb sights, Mark III, have been shipped to Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, for service test.
Gun Mounts.
Foster Type.-The test of a floor gun mount of the Foster type, adapted to the DH-4B air­plane
has been completed.
Flexible Type.- A test is underway on a flexible floor mount for twin .30 caliber Browning
aircraft guns in a DH-4B airplane.
Thonipson Sub-M ach:ine Gun.-This division has under construction a special mount for in­stalling
four T hompson sub-machine guns in a DH-4B airplane. Another special mount has been
designed for holding eight Thompson sub-machine guns in a ground attack airplane.
Nelson Synchronizers for Air-Cooled Engines.
The installation of a synchronizer for the Lawrance J-1 fixed radial engine has been started.
ENGINES
AIR-COOLED TYPES.
Lawrance "J-1" 220-h. p. 9-Cylinder.
The Lawrence Model "J-1" fixed radial engine developed by the Lawrance Aero Engine Cor­poration,
of New York, under supervision of the Navy Department is similar in design to the t rain­ing
type 140-h. p. Model "R-1" of the same make, four of which were built for the Army Air
Service. The "J-1" model, however, is a larger engine of greater bore and stroke and is suit­able
for light pursuit purposes. Owing to the fact that the "J-1" engine which develops over 200-
h. p. can be choked down to operate efficiently at 150 h. p. for training service. the development
of the smaller engine was discontinued by the Army Air Service. (Tcc/111ical Orders No. 24 ) .
T he first production "J-1" engine lately r.eceived by the Engineering Di vision has just been
tested and a comparison of its performance with that obtained on the first experimental engine tested
at this Field is given in the following:
Engine r. p. 111 • • •••••••• ••• •••••. •• • ••.•
Brake horsepower . ... ... . .. . .. .. . . . ... .
Brake mean effective pressure (lb./sq. in.) ..
Expcrimcutal Mode!
1800
211
116
Production 11,,f odel
1800
213
117
These results show that the production engine has no marked improvement in power over the
experimental model a ltho the manufacturer claimed· an increase of 20 to 25 horsepower.
16 TECH IC A L BULLETI N 0 . 32
Air-Cooled Cylinders "K" and "J-1."
An air-cool~d cvlinder, known as T ype "K,"was designed and constructed by the Engineering .
Division for alt<';rnative use on the Lawrance "J-l"engine. This cylinder which is similar in con­struction
to the T ype 'T' cylinder designed for
the ·w right radial engine, consists of a steel barrel
screwed into an aluminum alloy head having two
valves of the "tulip" type and a hemispherical
combustion chamber. The valve gear is enclosed.
The comparative per formances of the En­gineering
DiYision T ype "K" and Lawrance Type
"J-1" cylinders as determined from tests on the
single cylinder test ing engine are given as follows:
E ngine r. p. m . ....... .
B. m. e. p. ( lb/ sq. in.) .. .
Brake horsepower .... .
Specific fuel consump-tion
( lb/ h. p./ hr.) ....
Max. head temperature ..
Type "K"
1800
119.S
23.8
.70
590° F .
Type " J-1"
1800
113.0
22.6
.67
590° F.
In the accompanying photograph, the cam­shaft
housing cover on the exhaust side of the
cylinder has been removed to show the valve oper­ating
mechani sm. The T ype "K" cylinder has a
bore of 4.5 inches.
Type ''K" Engine Cylinder (Convertible).
TYPE "K" CYLINDER.
An air-cooled cast iron cylinder of T ype "K" design is being fitted with water jackets to ob­tain
comparative performance data on air-cooled and water-cooled cylinders of the same construc­tion.
Wright "R-1" 350-h. p. 9-Cylinder.
A second SO-hour endurance test has been run on a \!\fright radial engine, Model "R-1." In
this test, the engine was fitted with pistons giving a compression ratio of 5.45 :1 and run at 1700
r. p. 111.
The test was terminated af ter 42.S hours, due to fa ilure of piston in cylinder No. 5.
Installation of Wright "R-1" in DH-4B Airplane.
\i\Tork has been started in the E ngineering Divi sion shops on the in stallation of the Wright
radial engine in DH-4B airplane for the purpose of obtaining a flight test performance on the en­gine.
WATER-COOLED TYPES.
Model "W-lA" 700-h. p. 18-Cylinder.
The fir st production 1odel " \V-lA" engine has been received from the Packard Motor Com­pany,
Detroit, Michigan. As soon as the calibration tests were completed, the engine was started
on a SO-hour endurance test which has just been completed. Only minor difficulties such as mag­neto
troubl e, water leaks, and Yalve spring breakage were encountered during the test. The fully
rated horsepower of the engine was developed during the last hour of the test.
A IR C R AF T DEVELOPMENT 17
Packard "l A-2025" 550-h. p. 12-Cylinder.
The Engineering Division is negotiating with the Packard Motor Company of Detroit for the
construction of an experimental cylinder block for the Packard Model " lA-2025" engine. T he
characteri stics embody an aluminum block construction with increased cylinder bore and enclosed
valve gears. It is proposed to build one block to accommodate six cylinders and t hen test the en­gine
as a six-cylinder type. T he contractor is to guarantee an output of 330 h. p. at 2000 r . p. m.
Temporary Storage Test of Wright "H" Engine.
A V/right Model "H" engine, saturated with engine lubricating oil , as provided in 0. C. A. S .
. Letter of Instruct ion No. 59 ( Series of 1922) on "Preparation of E ngines for Temporary Stor­age,"
was found to be in excellent condition upon examination after storage of six months.
Wright "E-2" 180-h. p. 8-Cylinder.
A second endurance test lasting fi fty hours has been completed on a \\Tr ight Model "E-2" en­gine
which is now being disassembled for inspection.
The \Vright Model "E-2" engine is similar to t he Model "E" except that it has a higher com­pression
ratio and inclined magneto mounting.
Liberty "12."
Certain modifications are being made in a standard Liberty engine at this F ield, to adapt it
for operation in an inverted position. Internal changes not show in the illustration below include
the installation of baffle plates to defl ect oil for the generator drive and the drilling of :)4-inch holes
in webs for draining oil from the crankcase.
LIBERTY "1 2" ENGINE
Equipped for opera tion in an inverted position.
18 T E CH N I CA L B U LL ET I N N o. 32
Magneto Endurance Tests.
Extensive endurance tests have been run by this Division on the following well-known makes
of magnetos:
Apollo . . .... . . . . .... . .. -- ... ... . ... . .. . ...... . . .. . ... .... ..... .
Dixie . .... .. . .... .............. . . ... ... .. .. .. .......... . ...... .
Scintilla ...................................... . .. . .. . . . . ...... .
Scintilla ... . ...................... . ..................... : ... ...•
Supercharger for Curtiss "D-12" Engine.
531 hours
547
579
336
Preliminary steps are being taket} to adapt a turbo-type supercharger to the Curtiss "D-12"·
engme.
Aluminum Cylinder for Model '•W" Engine.
A single experimental cylinder of composite
steel and alnminum construction, designed by the
E ngineering Division for the Model "W" 700-h.
p. engine, has been performance tested with the
following results:
R . p.m ... . ... . .... . . . ... .. ... .
Brake horsepower ............ .
Brake m. e. p . . .......... . .... .
Specific fuel consumption .. .. . .
1800
46
130 lb ./ sq. in.
.50 Jb/ h. p. hr.
The regular cylinder used on this engine has
a bore of 5.5 inches and a normal mean effective
pressure of 126 pounds per square inch.
EXPERIMENT AL
COMPOSITE
CYLINDER
For Model "W"
Engine.
EQUIPMENT
Field Servicing Truck for Aircraft.
_ .1:'n auton~obile truck_ for servicing aircraft in the Field has been developed by the E ngineering
D1v1s1on. This truck weighs 9,500 pounds, fully loaded, and consists of an automobile truck chassis.
"\i\Thite model TEBO with pneumatic tires, upon which the· following equipment is mounted: ·
( 1) 300-gallon tank for gasoline.
( 1) 40-gallon tank for oil.
( 1) 40-gallon tank for water.
( 1) 32-gallon tank for air.
( 1) 35-gallon tank for tetrachloride.
( 1) Rotary gasoline pump, engine-driv_en.
( 1) Heavy duty, air compressor, engine-driven.
( 1) Gasoline meter with predetermined automatic setting.
The interior of the gasoline tank is accessible for cleaning and inspection . The power-driven
gasoline pump, which has a capacity of thirty to thirty-five gallons per minute, delivers fuel from
the tank to the airplane and can be used also for filling the truck tank from a gasoline storage tank.
The discharge from the tank passes thru a meter which not only measures the quantity of fuel
AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT 19
passing thru it but which may also be set to automatically shut-off the flow when a predetermined
amount of fuel has been delivered.
Oil and water are supplied to the airplane from the truck tanks by means of air pressure. The
tetrachloride solution is kept under air pressure also and serves as an efficient and ever-ready fire
extinguisher of adequate capacity.
The air pump is driven by means of a power take-off from the truck engine and ·is capable of
delivering about sixteen cubic inches of air at each stroke of the piston. This ca.pacity, coupled
with the compressed air in the storage tank, affords an ample supply of air for the inflation of tire8
and other general purposes as well as the maintenance of air pressure in the oil, water, and tetra­chloride
tanks.
Practically all of the equipment consists of standard commercial products. The experimental
truck, whlth was designed arid built by this Division, is in every clay use at McCook Field. Specifi­cations
and drawings for manufacturing production models of this truck are being completed.
Direct-Driven Generator, Type IL (Liberty Engine).
The Leece-Neville Company of Cleveland, Ohio, are building fifteen direct-driven, electric
generators, type IL, for use on the Liberty "12" engine. The workmanship on these generators,
twelve of which have been recently delivered to this Division, is not as good as expected but is
passabie. Future article will be watched closely to determine if the generators strictly conform to
the specifications.
Sixteen generators, comprising the first shipment on a production order placed with above com­pany
by the Chief of Air Service, Washington, D. C., for delivery to the Fairfield Air Intermediate
Depot, Fairfield, Ohio, passed the acceptance tests recently. In these tests, a number of minor
faults, such as reversed markings for positive and negative terminals and -improper adjustments
of the controls, were found. The manufacturer has been notified to exercise more care in the
final as ,embly and inspection of this product.
Airplane Landing Light, Model 1923.
Specifications and drawings have been completed for the manufacture of an airplane landing
light having a two-inch focal length reflector. As previously reported in Technical Bulletin No. 29.
several experimental models of this light have given very good results in the night-flying tests
conducted at McCook Field.
Earth Inductor Compass.
During the month of January, three models of the earth inductor compass were tested by the
Engineering Division,-two of which were manufactured by the Pioneer Instrument Company of
Brooklyn, N. Y., and one by the Aeronautical Instrument Company of Pittsburgh, Pa.
The principle upon which this compass operates as has been briefly stated in Technical Orders
Nos. 22 and 24, is based upon induction of electric current thru revolvirig coils of wire in the
earth's magnetic lines of force, the indications heing read on a standard voltmeter. In opera­tion,
the course to be flown is set on the dial and the airplane held to the zero reading of the pointer
of the voltmeter, left turns reading in deflections to the left and right turns in deflections to the
right.
The "Pioneer" models, mentioned above, have proved to be far superior to the one made by the
other company and have been used on many cross-country flights since their delivery. In the service
tests now under way, in which one instrument was installed on a Martin Bomber and the other
on a regular cross-country DH-4B airplane, the two "Pioneer" models have been flown a total
number of 14 hours without the least indication of any defects. Their performance has elicited
favorable comment from pilots who have had the opportunitv of using them.
The model huilt by the Aeronautical Instrum ent Company developed a number of defects
which caused much trouble, necessitating the return of part of the instrument to the manufacturer
for improvement.
20 T E CH NI CA L B U LL ET I N No. 32
Comparison of the two makes of instruments show that the "Pioneer" model weighs one-third
less, give three times the output, and requires about one-eighth the starting torque of the Aero­nautical
Instrument Company's model.
Gaumont Camera, Model F-2.
The Gaumont camera, mentioned in Technical Orders No. 27; has been remodeled for use in
an aerial expedition to Porto Rico. The modifications include the fitting of a new lens of greater
efficiency and the adaptation of a new film magazine containing sufficient film for 120 exposures.
The shutter, also, has been repaired and tested for proper functioning. This expedition will pro­vide
a comprehensive field test for the improved camera.
Tri-Lens Camera, Model T-1.
An U. S. Army aircraft camera, type T -1, complete with all accessories, including a trans­forming
camera, has been completed for the "(J. S. Navy Department and released to the General
Inspector of Naval Aircraft for this district for shipment to the Anacostia Naval Station. All de­tails
of design and construction have been carefully carried out by the Engineering Division and
the complete outfit adjusted and thoroly tested in actual operation with excellent results. Sample
prints showing specimens of the work which can oe clone with this camera were also submitted to the
Navy Department.
The 'vVollensak Optical Company is at present working on an improved shutter for the Model
T-1 camera, made up along lines suggested by the Engineering Division. The first of the new
shutters has successfully passed an endurance test. It was found, however, that the speed of the
shutter decreased considerably upon prolonged tests. As a result, the shutter has been returned to
the \Vollensak Company which will install a stronger operating spring and replace the worn parts.
preparatory to a second "break-down" test by this Division.
Positype Film for Gun Camera.
Samples of "Positype" film, a photographic film manufactured by the Positype Corporation
of America, were recently tested in the Mark I and Mark III gun cameras with the result that
the purchase of 400 rolls of this film for use in the Mark I gun camera has been recommended for
further experimentation. It is proposed to send this film to the Air Service Gunnery School at
San Antonio, Texas, for field tests before recommending further purchases for the Service.
RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT
I
RESUME OF ENGINEERING DIVISION
SERIAL REPORTS.
Serial Reports marked with an asterisk ( *) will
be issued by the Chief of Air S ervice as "Air
S ?-n1ice I nformatirm Circulars.''
AIRPLANE SECTION.
Alignment of N. P. L. Balance of McCook Field Wind Tunnel.
(Wind Tunnel Test No. 38)
Serial No. 2077
The tests described in this report were made for two reasons :-firstly, to determine the
proper alignment of the balance by adjusting the position of the arms with respect to the direction
of the mean air flow and secondly, to determine the true direction of the mean air flow or horizontal
component with respect to the axis of the tunnel, the object being in the first case to cut the operat­ing
time in halt for otherwise all models would have to be run in both normal and reyersed posi­tions
and in the second case to eliminate the constant error which would exist in the normal angle
settings of models under test.
T he alignment of the drag arm of the balance into paralleli sm with the direction of the mean
air fl ow was accomplished by setting a symmetrical aerofoil in a vertical position and comparing
the lift and drag forces for normal position with those for reversed position. The true direction
of the mean air flow was simultaneously determined.
Inasmuch as this alignment test involved the reading of fine angles and the interpretation of
minute discrepancies, a discussion is given of the precisions available in the apparatus.
Test of Model Aerofoils-R. A. F. 15, U.S. A. 27 and Gottingen 387. Serial No. 2080
Tests on model aerofoils, R. A. F. 15, U. S. A. 27, and Gottingen 387 representing the thin
wing, the semi-thick wing, and the thick wing respectively, were conducted for the purpose of com­paring
the results obtained in the McCook Field F ive-Foot wind tunnel with those obtained in
other wind tunnels, particularly the wind tunnel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The results obtained in the McCook Field tunnel in which the honevcomb is located at ten feet
upstream from the model compared favorably with those obtained in t'he new M. I. T. Four-Foot
tunnel with its honeycomb only three feet upstream from the model.
Static Test of Cox-Klemin TW-2 Training Airplane. *Serial No. 2084
The Cox-Klemin TW-2 is a training airplane of 'piplane construction designed· around the
\ i\T right Model I engine. The static test was made to determine the structural strength of the first
experimental airplane constructed for the Engineering Divi sion by the Cox-Klcmin Aircraft Cor­poration,
College Point, Long I sland, New York.
P hotographs of the airplane and drawings showing structural details are appended.
22 TE C H N I CAL B U LL ET I N No. 32
EQUIPMENT SECTION.
Henrix-Luebbert Hangar, Type "E" Serial No. 2081
A large portable canvas hangar, 132 feet long by 85 feet wide by SO feet high, manufactured
by F. J. Luebbert, was erected at McCook Field for the purpose of determining its durability
under severe weather conditions and also its portability. The tests covered periods of the year in
which all kinds of weather were encountered, having been erected at McCook Field during the
auh1mn and winter of 1920-1921 and later dismantled and erected at Cleveland, Ohio, during the
spring and sun1.11ier of 1921.
Much valuable information was obtained as a result of these tests. Certain undesirable fea­tures
were found, however, which ma<le the hangar unsatisfactory for standard use. Several il­lustrations
showing the hangar in the various stages of erection are given.
FL YING SECTION
Performance Test of Engineering Division C0-1 Airplane. Serial No. 2023
The results of the performance tests conducted at McCook Field on an experimental corps ob­servation
airplane designed and built by this Division are given in this report.
The C0-1 airplane is an all metal, internally braced monoplane of duralumin construction
and is equipped with a Liberty "12" engine. Views and description were published in Technical
Orders No. 27.
Performance Test of Fokker C0-4 Airplane. *Serial No. 2064
This model was performance tested by the Engineering Division. The results of this test, to­gether
with views and description of the airplane were published in the last number of Technical
Bulletin.
Service Test of Fokker C0-4 Airplane. Serial No. 2070
This report covers the service test of the Fokker C0-4 mentioned above in which this airplane,
equipped with extra radiators and axle fuel tank, was flown on a cross-country trip from Dayton,
Ohio, to San Diego, California, via San Francisco, and return.
The trip which was made last September required a total of 57 flying hours, 1,235 gallons of
gasoline, and 73.75 gallons of oil. A complete log of the trip is given in the report.
Flight Calibration of Airspeed Indicators. Serial No. 2073
This report is written to indicate to pilots, observers, and computers t he nature of the calibra­tion
curve, so that in checking the tests it can be determined whether the test curve is acceptable or
should be repeated.
It has been customary to assume that the calibration curve should be a straight line and to re­ject
curved lines. This practice is not correct as it is evident from this discussion that the cali­bration
poi41ts should lie on a curve.
The reading of airspeed indicators are subject to a number of errors, the nature and magnitude
of which depend largely upon the tpye and location of the head of the instrument. Consequent­ly
it is to be expected that the calibration curve obtained in flight testing proceedure will be different
for each installation. A short discussion of the general nature of the calibration curve is given in
order to more intelligently judge the value of the speed curve results.
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR SECTION
Ground Handling Equipment, Hangars, Etc., for Balloons and Airships. Serial No. 2063
(Lecture No. 8)
This report presents a brief discussion of the purpose and use of the various kinds of ground-
RESE A RCH A ND E X PERIMENT 23
handling equipment such as wind screens, clocking rails, mooring masts, blocks and wires, and air­ship
hangars.
The description of the units in use or p roposed for use by the Air Service are augmented by
sectional drawings in the appendix .
MATERIAL SECTION
Durability Test of Machine Sewing Threads and Sewed Seams on Airplane
Wing Covers. *Serial No. 2096
The primary purpose of this investigation was three-fold; fir st, to determine the most suitable
sewing threads, second , t he most suitable seams, and third, the n·umber of stitches to the inch that
can be used to the best advantage with machine-sewed seams on wing covering. The secondary pur­pose
was to verify Technical Order No. 10 issued by the Navy Department's Bureau of Aero­nautics
which recommended the cliscontinuence of the use of silk thread in seams of airplane fabric
and the use of linen in accordance with Aeronautical Specifi cation No. 136. The physical proper­ties
of the thread referred to in this instance imply the use of a three-cord , No. SO machine thread
having a tensile strength of not less than five pounds.
lt was found that cotton or linen machine sewing threads are more serviceable and have longer
li fe than silk machine sewing thread when used in a seam in the airplane fabric having a coating of
clear dope on the outer surface. Linen thread and cotton thread having identical physical proper­ties
were found to be equally sati sfactory and neither showed any superiority over the other. It
was also shown that over an extended period of exposure the silk thread deteriorated rapidly in
the presence of clear elope but that bi-basic ammonium phosphate had no marked effect on either
cotton, linen, or silk machine sewing threads.
POWER PLANT SECTION.
Standard Method for Engine Calculations.
( Including Analysis of Liberty Engine)
*-Serial No. 2038
The object of this report is to outline and describe the methods adopted by the E ngine Design
Branch of the Engineering Division for determining the fo rces and analyzing the stresses existing
in the principal parts of the airplane engine All reports on engine stress analysis by this branch
will hereafter conform to the methods described herein without further special reference to the
methods employed.
An establi shed system or standardization of the methods of anal ysis induces a uniformity in
general practice and facilitates checking . It also make compari sons between different engines
easier and affords a means of utili zing more conveniently for purposes of design the results obtained
iIJ the actual tests of existing engines. It is, there fo re, recommended that airplane designers and
manu facturers use the procedure as outlined in this report in their stress analysis. The methods
employed are, on the wihole, similar to those in general use and for that reason are not clifncult to
fo llow.
An analysis of the Liberty engine according to the standard ized method is given in the appendix
as an example.
Crank-Pin Bearing Pressures in Lawrance 9-Cylinder Radial Engine. Serial No. 2039
This investigation was made to determine the crank-pin bearing pressures and rubbing factor in
the Lawrance l'lfoclel J radial engine. The a nalysis of the stresses was made in accordance with
the "Standard M ethocl of E ngine Calculations" referred to in Serial No. 2038 above. All equa­tions
used are numbered and refer to corresponding equations in this serial.
Fuel Head for Operating Liberty "12" Engine on Propeller Load. *Serial No. 2040
This test was concluctecl to determine the minimum fuel head at the carburetor required for
normal operation on propeller load of a Liberty "12" aviation engine equipped with Zenith U . S.
52 carburetors. (Note : The effect of fu el head on full throttle operation is given in Air Service
In formation Circular No. 336.)
24 TE CH N I CAL B UL LET I N No. 32
The results of the tests were as follows:
The minimum fuel head required varies from one-half inch of fuel at extreme idling
position to sixteen inches at full throttle ( 1700 r. p. m.) for carburetors that give a mix­ture
rich enough to produce smooth operation over the entire range of speeds. If the car­buretors
give a mixture lean enough at any speed to cause rough operation of the engine,
the fuel head required at that speed may exceed that required at full throttle.
MATERIALS TESTING
GENERAL.
Cellulose Acetate Windshield Material.
The American Cellone Company submitted cellulose acetate transparent sheets for use as
windshields, windows, etc., to be tested under Air Service Specification No. 12,000-C. The tests
indicate that this material will not meet the combustibility test as given in this specification, and
that it falls about half -way between the transparent sheet formerly manufactured by the Chemical
Products Company and ordinary celluloid. Since the Chemical Products Company have ceased
to manufacture transparent sheet, the Air Service has been compelled to use celluloid and has pre­pared
a specification under No. 12,008.
Wing Enamel vs. Pigmented Dope.
Another example of the generally unsatisfactory service of wing enamel, as compared with pig­mented
dope, is evidenced in the case of the T-2 Transport. The fuselage and control flaps were
covered with a good grade of linen fabric, clear nitrate dope, and khaki wing enamel. After six
months of service. which was not at all severe, the enamel had flaked off, and the coating of clear
dope deteriorated rapidly as a result of the.absence of the pjgmented protective covering . The failure
of the dope materially affected the strength of the fabric and necessitated complete recovering of
all fabric-covered parts. This is clecicleclly another point in favor of the standard pigmented elope
used in the U. S. Air Service. By way of comparison, airplanes using pigmented elope have had
more than one year's continuous service w'ith no indictions of failure of the eloped surfaces.
Siegelite Gasket Material.
The Power P lant Section, of the E ngineering Division, has experienced some cliffrculty in ob­taining
gasket material containing substances that will not corrode aluminum and its alloys. Dur­ing
the past week a sample of Siegelite gasket material was tested and found to be free from alka­linity,
chloricl~s, etc. T his material can be used in contact with aluminum without causing ex­cessive
corros10n.
Test of Oil Used in Endurance Flight at San Diego.
The oi l used by the Air Service Transport T-2 in the 35-hour endurance flight at San Diego.
California, was examined in the laboratories at McCook Field. Results of the tests proved to be
of considerable value inasmuch as they show that the viscosity inherent in the oil at the start was
the same at the encl of the flight. Sorne dilution (about 10 per cent) took place which accounts
for a lowered flash point. The wear on the metal parts of the engine was slight as evidenced by
the low percent of ash in the oil. In examination of these tests it can be said that the oil was in
good condition for further use.
Dyed Tetrachloride for Fire Extinguisher.
This Division received a request from the Property Requirements Section of the Air Service
at \ i\Tashington , D. C., for some means of rendering carbon tetrachloride ( fire extinguishing
fluid ) unfit for cleaning purposes. As a result of several tests made on various dyes, it was recom­mended
that the carbon tetrachloride be dyed reel. so that any material with which it comes in
contract would be stained a red color. T he following procedure was recommended :
R E S EA R CH A D EX PERI M E N T
Preparation of Dyeing S olution.
Place six ounces of dye ( oil red 0, National Aniline and Chemical Company,
Chicago, Illinois) in a fin ely woven cloth sack and immerse with slight agitation in a
gallon of carbon tetrachloride until di ssolved. This requires from ten to fifteen
minutes.
D'yeiug the Fina,! Product.
One pint of this dyeing solution added to ten gallons of the liquid will make it
useless for cleaning purposes. A lesser amount of the dyeing solution may be used,
depending upon the results desired .
Straight-Side Tire and Wheel 54x12.
25
Service tests have been completed on the 54xl2 airplane tire and wheel reported in Technical
Bulletin No. 31. This is the largest size of straight-side tire ever used in this country, and rep­resents
the latest development in the program for replacing clincher type tires with straight-side
tires, which was undertaken by the E ngineering Division about four years ago. The tests were run
on a Martin Bomber airplane.
The working load of the wheel at 25 per cent tire deflection and 65 pounds inflation pressure
is 10,000 pounds. The total weight of the wheel , tire, tube and flap is 162 pounds. The break­ing
load of the wheel with deflated tire is 38,000 pounds. Assuming that this wheel is to be used
on a night bomber, with a working load of 10,000 pounds, the factor of safety is within the require­ments
of 3.75.
METALS.
Formation of Aluminum Deposits in Fuel Systems.
An examination was made by the E ngineering Division of a deposit taken from a fu el strainer
in the fuel system of a helium-filled airship which is being tested at Langley Field, Va . The de­posit
had caused a clogging of the fuel strainer at the gravity tank. It was found to consist of 43
per cent moisture and volatile organic substances from the gasoline and 57 per cent non-volatile
substances which were approximately 97 per ·cent aluminum oxide. T his formation of aluminum
oxide is undoubtedly due to the cor rosion of the aluminum gasoline tanks when they are not used
continuously, caused by water condensation in the fu el system. It has been found that such water
will attack aluminum in 24 hours, forming a deposit of aluminum hydroxide, which, upon losing its
water, forms aluminum oxide.
"Bario" Metal Wire Resists Corrosion.
T he Bario Metal Corporation of New York City submitted samples of wire, made of "Bario"
metal which was reputed to have a high resistance to corrosion. The wire was submitted in the
hard drawn and annealed forms. Upon test the hard drawn wire proved to be too brittle for
structural purposes ; the annealed wire was sati sfactory for purposes demanding a wire with
160,000 pounds tensile· strength and where a high resistance to corrosion is necessar y. T he cor­rosion
test was made according to the E ngineering Division's standard method of 100 hours in
salt spray. T here were only very slight rust spots on the wire after this t reatment.
"Bruntonized" Cable.
The Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wisconsin , submitted samples of cable and co rd, similar
to the types used in airplane construction, which had received a special kind of surface covering to
inhibit corrosion. T he process as used is known as "Bruntonizing" and consists of a coating of
zinc applied by a patented process. The samples made by Macwhyte, together with samples of our
standard cable taken from stock, were subj ected to a 100-hour salt spray test. The standard
cable taken from stock rusted slightly in three hours and very appreciably in 24 hours. The "Brun­tonized"
cable showed only very slight rusting a fter 100 hours. indicating a coating which is far
superior to our present hot -tinned coating.
26 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
In the next. step to determine whether the Macwhyte Company can manufacture wire cable and
rope to meet our strength requirements after "Bruntonizing" it was found that their cable passed all
strength tests required of standard Air Service cable. Further investigation, however, is neces­sary
to determine whether the type of construction used in "Bruntonized" cable, which is not
standard, is. satisfactory for aircraft work; if so, the process would be a step forward in coatings
for inhibiting corrosion.
Failure of Connecting Rod After Three Years' Service.
After about three years of service, a connecting rod made of nickel-steel, No. 2330, failed in
a Model TE-23 testing engine in the Power Plant Laboratory at McCook Field. It was calculated
that during this period of service, the rod had been run from 1200 to 1500 hours at an average speed
of 1800 r. p. m. and had been subjected to 2,430,000 reversals of stress. About one and one-half
years previous to this failure, the rod had been bent in an accident to the engine after which it
was straightened "cold" and put back into service. The final failure was attributed to fatigue.
Upon examination, it was found that the rod, altho made of good steel, had· been poorly
machined and had not been heat treated. The fra_cture occurred along the line of tangency of the
radius from tl)e web to the flange. In view of the length of service, the possibility of a crack hav­ing
developeq from the cold straightening, or that in the absence of the crack a localization of
stress exis!e1 in a sharp corner of the rod during its entire life, the failure was attrib_uted to fatigue
which. W01Jld probal5ly have been avoided if the rod had been quenched and drawn to a uniform
sorbitic structi.tre. · ·
WOOD.
Effect of Tropical Climate on Airplane Wood.
The Engineering Division requested samples of wood representative of material taken from
airplanes after a period of exposure in Panama. Several samples of such parts were taken at France
Field, carefully weighed, and then shipped to McCook Field where they were re-weighed and the
moisture content for wood under the climatic conditions in Panama determined. It was found that
the moisture content of the ash, fir, and spruce in Panama is 18 per cent, which is about 5 per cent
more than attained by wood under equilibrium conditions in Dayton at this time of the year. Eigh­teen
per cent is unusually high, and would result in reducing the modulus of rupture of spruce
approximately two-thirds of its value at 10 per cent mpisture content, which is the value used
in design. It afso reduces the strength of glued joints and increases their susceptibiilty to at­tack
by bacterial action. It was recommended that special attention be paid to the varnishing of
airplanes which are to be shipped to the tropics.
NEW BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS
Great Britain. ·
REFERENCE DATA ON AERONAUTICAL DEVELOPMENT
AND ENGINEERING IN THE l:NITED STATES AND
OTHER COUNTRIES ADDED TO THE TECHNICAL FILES
OF THE ENGINEERING DIVISION, AIR SERVICE.
AVIATION AND AEROSTATION.
Visit to Royal Aircraft Establishment, briefly describing work being. done
on metal construction, mufflers, study of preignition and detonation, cameras,
superchargers and fuel injections. M. I. D. 2083-494/4 England 13-R­]
4670. Nov. 28, 1922. 3 p.
Strategy and air strategy; by Capt. J. A. Chamier. Royal Air Force. n.
cl. 20 p.
Gliding flights in England, an announcement of a glider contest held at ·
Itforcl Hill, England, Oct. 16-23, 1922. M. I. D. 2083-558. England R-
14480. Oct. 16, 1922. 2 p.
Report on 1000 mile Handley Page navigation flight; by the Instrument
Design Establi shment. Royal Air Force. Sept., 1920. 44 p. Photostats.
Case for metal construction; by J. D. Nflrth. Royal Aeronautical So­ciety.
Oct. 19, 1922. 6 p.
France.
Commercial aviation in France. Tr. from L'Auto. Sept. 29, 1922. 6 p.
Aviation equipment of the French air navigation companies on Apr. 30,
1922. M. I. D. 2081 -296/4. France 5800-W. Aug. 2, 1922. 1 p.
Germany.
Inter-Allied aeronautical commission of control in Germany.
Contents:
Part. 1, Vol. 2. Execution report: a. Material. b. Civil aviation. c.
Reports by sub-commissions and departments. cl. Statistics. e. Ap­pendix.
(English).
Part 2, Vol. 1. Technical report: a. Airplanes. b. Seaplanes. c.
Aerostation. cl. Engines and propellers. (French text and original
text).
Part 2, Vol. 2. Technical report: a. Airplane accessories. b. Civil
av1at1on. c. Aeronautical metallurgy. cl. Laboratories. e. Aero­nautical
sheds ancl buildings. ( French text and original text).
.F35/44
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France.
Al0.01/2
France
D00.12/ 136
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Italy.
Aerial defense. Ministry of War. Italy. 1922. 83 p.
Contents:
1. General organization of the service of aerial defense.
2. Guns used in anti-aircraft defense.
3. Anti-aircraft artillery fire.
Report of work being done at the Experimental Institute of Aeronautics.
In Italian. Oct. 15, 1922. 158 p. Charts.
Contents:
1. Helicoiclal propellers and the recent progress of aerodynamics; by
E. Pislolesi. ( Synopsis translated).
United States.
Organization of the American Forces in China. War Dept. General
orders No. 44. Oct. 24, 1922. 2 p.
Assignment of assistant chief of staff. Regulations governing flying
service and definitions of terms. \Var Dept. General Orders No. 46. Nov.
10, 1922. 2 p.
Commission for adjustment of foreign affairs. Designation of Mont­gomery
Air Intermediate Depot changed to Maxwell F ield. Assignment and
di stribution of ordnance enlisted personnel. War Dept. General Orders No.
45. Nov. 8, 1922. 4 p.
Copy of modified form of certificate of fl ying pay. War Dept. 0. C. A.
S. Dec. 23, 1922. 2 p.
Identification of Air Service catalog and list of sections published to elate.
War Dept. 0. C. A. S. circular No. 109. Dec. 20, 1922. 1 p.
Report covering achievements of the Engineering Division, Air Service,
for period 1920-1922. 36 p. ·
Record of tests conducted during 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Flying
Section. McCook Field. 1923.
\i\Teights and measures. Fifteenth annual conference of representatives
from various states held at the Bureau of Standards. May 23-26, 1922.
Bureau of Standards. Miscellaneous publications No. 51. 1922. 132 p.
Work being clone at the Bureau of Standards on intensity and duration
of fire in relation to building material, optical specifications for glass for bal­loon
hangars, etc. Bureau of Stanclarcls, Technical News Bulletin No. 68.
Dec. 11, 1922. 16 p.
Monthly li st of publications issued by the Department of Commerce.
Nov. 30, 1922.
Records.
Official F. A. I. world's records. Jan. 12, 1923. 3 p.
Rules, prizes and entries for grand prix de Paris for transport airplanes,
held Nov. 14-15, 1922. M. I. D. 2081-383. France 6345-W. Nov. 20,
1922. 2 p.
Report of content committee on national airplane races held Oct. 12-14,
1922 at Se! fridge Field. Includes Detroit aerial water derby held Oct. 7,
1922. 8 p.
C71.7 /5
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1922-No. 46
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T. N. B.
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NEW BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS
Notes on Curtiss Marine trophy race; by Comdr. J. C. Hunsaker. Navy
Dept. Bureau of Aeronautics. Technical Note No. 234. Dec. 15, 1922. 3 p.
Report on flight made by Elmer Faucett on Sept. 11, 1922, from Lima
to Iquitos. M. I. D. 2459-97. Peru 2267. Oct. 17, 1922. 1 p.
AYiation race for the grand cup of Italy. M. I. D. 2086-327 / 1. · Italy
6762. ON 12489. Nov. 20, 1922. 4 p. Photostats.
New aviation speed record by Brak-Papa at Turin, Aug. 26, 1922 in a
Fiat R 700. M. I. D. 208 -313. Italy 638. ON. 12309. Sept. 20, 1922.
1 p.
RESEARCH AND AERODYNAMICS.
General biplane theory; by . M. M. Munk. National Advisory Com­mittee
for Aeronautics. Report N'o. 151. 47 p.
Contents :
1. Two-dimensional flow neglecting viscosity.
2. Influence of the lateral dimensions.
3. Determination of the wing forces by the designer.
Biplane investigation with R. A. F. 15 section; by W. L. Cowley and
C. N. H. Lock. Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and Memo­randa
No. 774. (Ae. 34) T. 1615. Sept., 1921. 16 p. Charts.
Analysis of stresses in German airplanes; by Wilhelm Hoff. National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Report No. 143. 1922. 52 p. Illus.,
charts, diags.
Contents:
1. Introduction.
2. Aerodynamic principles and their use ii1 determining the strength
of airplanes.
3. Other considerations in the strength of airplanes.
4. Analysis of strength qualities of materials used in the construction.
5. Calculated strength of airplanes.
6. Strength tests of airplanes.
7. Conclusions.
8. Appendix.
Computation of flight speed of German airplanes by the aeronautical
observatory at Lindenberg. 0 . N. I. 248. File 910-2100. Nov. 8, 1922. 1 p.
Absolute dimensions of Karman vortex motion; by Werner Heisenberg
Tr. irom Physikalische Zeitschrift, Sept. 15, 1922 . National Advisory Com­mittee
for.Aeronautics. Technical Notes No. 126. Jan., 1923. 10 p. Diags.
Outline of the general theory of the constant speed motion of the air­plane.
Flying Section report No. 101. l\kCook Field. Sept. 2, 1922. 21 p.
Air reactions to objects moving at rates above the velocity of sound with
application to the air propeller; by S. A. Reed. National Advisory Com­mittee
for Aeronautic;;. Nov., 1922. 14 p. Photographs, charts, drawings.
Further information on the laws of fluid resistance; by C. Wiesel berger.
From Physikalische Zeitscrift, 1922, Vol. 23. National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics. Technical Notes No. 121. Dec., 1922. 8 p. Charts.
Effect of method of suspending models in airstream on resulting
measurements; by C. Wieselberger. From Zeitscrift fur Flugtechnik und
l\fotorluftschiffahrt. National Advisorv Committee for Aeronautics. Nov.,
1922. 7 p. Charts, diags. ·
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German
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30 T E CH N I CAL B U LL ET I N No. 32
Downwash of airplane wings; by Max Munk and Gunther Cario. From
Technique Berichte Vol. III, Part I. National Advisory Comrnitte for
Aeronautics. Technical Notes No. 124. Jan., 1923. 9 p. Charts.
Damping coefficients due to tail surfaces in aircraft; by Lynn Clue;
condensed and modified by E. P. ·warner. National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics. Report No. 136. 1922. 14 p. Charts.
Report on drift and hysteresis in aneroid vacuum boxes, for the En­gineering
Division, McCook Field. Bureau of Standards. n. d. 30 p. Pho­tograph,
blueprints, charts.
Standards requirements for \Al / T installation and earth system in air­craft.
Notice to ground engineers No. 12 of the year 1922. Air Ministry.
Nov. 24, 1922. 1 p.
Apparatus for the determination of the magnetic properties of short
bars; by M. F. Fischer. Bureau of Standards. Scientific papers No. 458.
rov. 15, 1922. 14 p. Illus, charts.
Tables for the calculation of the inductance of circular coils of rectangular
cross section; by F . W. Grover. Bureau of Standards. Scientific papers
No. 455. Oct. 28, 1922. 37 p.
Determination of the angles of attack of zero lift and of zero moment,
based on Munks integrals; by M. M. Munk. National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics. Technical Notes No. 122. Jan., 1923. 9 p. Diags.
Controllability and maneuverability of airplanes; by F. H. Norton and
W. G. Brown. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Report No.
153. 1922. 18 p. Illus, charts, diags.
Air Force and moment for VE-7 airplane, with and without flotation
bags. Navy Yard Construction Dept. Report No. 205. Oct. 8, 1922. 7 p.
Photographs, charts.
AERIAL NAVIGATION.
Airways and Air Stations.
Model airway organization and operation, Army Air Service, July, 1922.
Nov., 1922.
Imperial airship service; by A. H. Ashbolt. 17 p.
Proposed air routes Paris and London to Berlin via Brussels and
Cologne. Sept. 19, 1922. 3 p.
Inter-state flying between Canada and the United States. Oct. 2, 1922.
3 p.
P ossibilities of development of commercial airship traffic by Schutte. Tr.
from Berliner Tagelblatt uncl Handels-Zeiting Vol. 51, No. 453. Oct. 7,
1922. 1 p.
Report on ex-German airdromes and material in back and occupied areas
Inter-Allied Aeronautical Commission of Control. 1919. 97 p. Drawirygs.
Contents:
1. Heavier-than-air airdromes, etc.
2. Lighter-than-air airdromes, etc.
3. Machines of interest.
4. Hydrogen plants in Belgium.
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12
NEW BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS
Modification of system under which subsidies are granted to approved
firms for the operation of cross-channel routes. Air Ministry Commique
No. 800. Sept. 5, 1922. 2 p.
Order from Franco-Roumanian Company for aerial navigation for
thirty-nine type 33 Spacl 6-passenger commercial air liners. M. I. D France
5929-W. Aug. 20, 1922. 1 p.
Information concerning Kenilworth Field at Buffalo, New York. Notice
to Aviators No. 12. Dec. 1, 1922. 1 p.
Air<l.rome at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, changed to \Vheeler Field. Al­lotments
of grades and speciali st ratings for enlisted men. War Dept. General
orders No. 47. Nov. 11, 1912. 1 p.
Progress in night flying by Lt. D. L. Bruner. n. cl. 6 p.
Meteorology.
New international code for meterological messages. Air Ministry. M. ·
0. 253. 1922. 20 p.
Traffic Regulation.
Regulations for commercial aircraft; an explanation of Air Mini stry
Notice to Airmen No. 70, of the year 1922. M. I. D. 2083-509/4. England
13.R-14187. July 15, 1922. 1 p.
Instructions for finding the laws for the regulation of Aircraft within or
or over the British Isles. M. I. D. 2083-538. Engiancl-13. R-14214. July
21, 1922. 1 p:
Licencing of civil aerial 1iavigators. Air Ministry. C. A. publication 2.
Jan., 1921. 16 p.
Air Navigation Acts, 1911-19. Directions issued by the Secretary of
State for air, under paragraph 3 (2) of the air navigation regulations, 1919,
dated Apr. 30, 1919. Air favigation directions No. 1. Air Ministry. Apr.
30, 1919. 20 p.
Air Navigation Acts, 1911-1919. Directions issued by the Secretary of
State for air under the air navigation regulations, 1919. Air Ministry. Air
Navigation directions No. 2. Dec. 22, 1920. 3 p.
Air Navigation Act, 1920. The air navigation directions, 1922, issued
by the Secretary of State for Air under article 26 of the air navigation order,
1922. Air avigation directions No. 3. Air Ministry. July 11, 1922. 23 p.
Statutory rules and orders, 1922, No. 533. Air Navigation. The air
navigation order, 1922. June 20, 1922. 44 p.
AIR SERVICE ENGINEERING SCHOOLS.
Map course in General Service Schools. The School of the Line Fort
Leavenworth. 1921-1922. Large document, maps.
Consolidated student report for Air Service special service school and
schools to which Air Service officers are detail ed. Jan. 1, 1920-Apr. 15, 1922.
1 p.
Aeronautical Engineering Course I. Aircraft Inspection. Air Service
Engineering School. McCook Field. Jan., 1923.
A00.3/ 23
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A00/ 40
1922-No. 12
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1922-No. 47
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G. Britain
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A00.5/1
Great Britain
A00.5/ 4
Great Britain
A00.5/ 3
Great Britain
A00.5/2
Great Britain
C50/ 5
C52/4
D00.16/ 11
31
32 T E C H N· I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
Aeronautical Engineering. Cource 1. Course in Wind Tunnel Tests.
Air Service Engineering School. McCook Field. 1923. 8 p. Photographs.
Maintenance Engineering. Direct Current Electricity. Air Service En­gineering
School. Dec., 1922. 3 p.
Maintenance Engineering-Engines. Air Service Engineering School.
Nov., 1922. 11 p. Drawing.
Maintenance Engineering. Course II. Materials. Air Service Engineer­ing
Schooil. McCook Field. Jan., 1923. Large report.
Maintenance Engineering Course II. Metal construction.· Air Service
Engineering School. 1923. 17 p.
Maintenance Engineering. Course II. Radio. Notes by Lt. A. L. John­son.
Air Service Engineering School. McCook Field. 1923. 3 p.
General.
AIRCRAFT
(Heavier-than-Air)
List of commercial aircraft belonging to the various French air naviga­tion
companies as of August 31st, 1922. Tr. from l'Auto of Nov. 19, 1922.
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Jan., 1923. 2 p.
Registered French commercial airplanes. June 30, 1922. 1 p.
Structural strength. of geenral and commercial aircraft. Requirements
for certificates of airworthiness. Air Ministry Communique. No. 778. June
29, 1922. 6 p.
Consolidated airplane reports covering airplanes at various government
fields. Jan. 1, 1923.
Breguet.
Photograph of tire used on the Breguet Leviathan, type XXII, M. I. D.
2081-405. France 6517-W. Dec. 23, 1922. 1 p. Photograph.
Caproni.
Characteristics of 1922 type Caproni seaplane. M. I. D. 2086-329. Italy
6789. ON 12540. Dec. 4, 1922. 2 p. Photostated drawings.
Dayton-Wright.
Sumary of official performance test of Dayton-Wright TA-3, McCook
Field. Jan. 2, 1923. 1 p.
De Haviland.
Thrust washers for end play to be installed on DeHaviland 4 type land­ing
gear axles. War Dept. 0. C. A. S. Letter of instruction No. 76. Dec.
1922. 1 p. Blueprint.
Giant.
Aileron hinge movement for Giant flying boat. Navy Yard. Construc­tion
Dept. Report No. 207. Nov. 25, 1922. 10 p. Photographs, charts .
drawings.
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Dl0/118
Dl0.1/83
D13.41/ 158
D52.l / 9
Misc.
French.
D52.l/10
Misc.
F rench.
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1923-an.
Airplanes
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DS2.6/ 7
Caproni
52.1/ 2
D00.12/76
1922-No. 76
DSZ.322/2
NEW BO OK S AN D DOCUMENTS
Handley-Page.
Report on flight demonstration of Hadley-Page Hanley and modifica­tions
made in this design. M. I. D. 2083-563-3. England 13R-14709. I)_ec.
8, 1922. 3 p.
Description of Handley Page W8B. M. I. D. 2083-563/2. E ngland
14671. Nov. 28, 1922. 3 p. Blueprints.
Curtiss "JN" Types.
New model numbers for standardized "JN" airplanes. 'vVar Dept. 0.
C. A. S. Letter of instruction No. 72. Dec. 6, 1922. 1 p.
Martin MB-2 and NBS-1 Models.
Changes on Martin MB2, L. W. F.-NBS-1 and Curtiss NBS-1 air­planes
Vhr Dept. 0. C. A. S. L etter of instruction No. 78. Dec. 22, 1922.
1 p.
U.S. Mail Plane.
Summary of official performance test of U. S. Mail airplane, type vVM.
equipped with 400 H. P. Liberty engine and without load. McCook Field.
Jan. 22, 1923. 1 p.
Summary ofofficial p~rformance test of U. S. Mail airplane, type vVM,
equipped with 400 H. P . Liberty engine. McCook Field. Jan. 17, 1923. 1 p.
Airships.
AIRCRAFT.
(Lighter-than-Air)
Comparison of non-rigid and semi-rigid airships; by Lt. Stapf er. From
Premier Congre's International de la Navigation Aerienne. Vol. 4, Nov, 1021
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Nov., 1922. 3 p. Diags.
Report on German airships in naval service during the World 'vVar. M.
I. D. 2082-367 /2. Germany 3213. Apr. 16, 1922. 16 p.
Development of the Motor airship; by August Von Parseval. M. I. D.
2082-390. Germany 3881. Nov. 13, 1922. 3 p.
Description of the Boerner international traffic airship. From Automobil
und Flugwesen. Vol. 7. July, 1922. 11 p.
Special communication plan for flight of U. S. S. ZR-2 from England
to the United States. Navy Dept. Naval Communication Service. July 28,
1921. 44 p.
Balloons.
New dirigible balloon for long trips. From Deutsche Allgemeine 7.'.ei­tung.
Aug. 19, 1922. 5 p.
Use of barrage ballons for aircraft defense; by G. Fontaine. Tr. from
Ideas on Anti-aircraft defense. M. I. D. 2081-289/2. France 6233-\i\T.
Oct. 25, 1922. 2 p.
Catalog of type R observation balloon; compiled by Property, Mainten­ance
and Cost Compliation, Air Service, Fairfield, Ohio. Sept., 1922. 20 p.
D52.l / 26
H. Page
D52.l / 42
H. Page
D00.12/ 76
1922- No. 72
D00.12/ 76
1922-No. 78
D52.l / 1
U.S. Mail
D52.l / 2
U. S. Mail
D52.7 /122
D52.7 /3
Misc.
German
D52.7/ 117
D52.7/ 2
Boerner
D52.7/2
ZR-2
D52.8/23
C71.7 /4
D52.8/6
R
33
34 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
D'luminated spherical balloon; by Maj. L. Avorio. In French with
translation. M. I. D. 2086-331. Italy 6783. 0. N. 12522. 16 p.
Electrical property of balloon fabric ; by Dieckman Tr. from the Ger­man
J. Vanier. n. d. 7 p.
Catalog of gas generator electrolytic cell; complied by Property, Main­tenance
and Cost Conipilation, Air Service, Fai_rfielcl, Ohio. Sept., 1922. 7 p.
ARMAMENT.
Small arms ammunition. Orcln.ance Field Bulletin No. 38. (Re­vised.)
Dec. 1, 1922. 42 p.
Brief description of new bomb manufactured by the Japanese called the
J oiclan. Number of airplanes Japan is contemplating building within the next
ten years. Prize contest for aerial mail flight from Tokio to Osaka. M. I. D.
2085-264. Japan 4645. Sept. 22, 1922. 2 p.
Instructions covering installation; adjustment, operation and mainten­ance
of Mark XVI and XVII bomb racks. McCook Field. Feb. 1, 1922. 5 p.
Instructions covering installation, adjustment, operation and maintenace
of the redesigned Mark XVIII bomb rack or external rack type A-2. McCook
Field. Feb. 1, 1922. 8 p.
Instructions covering installation, adjustment, operation and maintenance
of Mark XIX bomb rack. n. cl. 8 p.
Handbook covering instructions for converting the Mark 20 bomb rack
into the type G-4 bomb rack, Armament Section. McCook Field. Nov. 2,
1922. 13 p. Photograph, blueprints.
. EQUIPMENT.
General.
Catalog of Paroda safety devices on airplanes for the protection of pas-sengers
and pilots. n. cl. 5 p. Photostats. ·
Potez heavy service landing gear-Hutchinson system. National Ad­visory
Committee for Aeronautics. Sept., 1923. 2 p. Diag.
Photographs of new concrete and steel hangars being erected at Orly.
Jan. 11, 1923. 1 p. Photographs.
Description of Schneider steel hangar. M. I. D. 2081-400. France 6501-
W. Dec. 21, 1922. 3 p. Illus.
Construction and action of storage batteries. Air Board, Canada. Tech­nical
Memorandum No. 36. Sept. 2, 1922.
Test of Bull's-Eye, ordinary and special batteries to determine effect of
temperature on capacity; by J. vV. Allen. Nov. 13, 1922. 1 p. Charts.
Standard specifications for incandescent electric lamps, tungsten or mazcla
and carbon, Bureau of Standards. Circular No. 13. Eel. 9, July 30, 1921.
Instruments.
Description of Vion aerial compass, type AMl, Flatter V-7, M. I. D.
2081-351/1. France 6041-W. Sept. 22, 1922. 2 p.
D52.8/62
D24.32/37
D12.3/1
D70/32
No. 38
D72.31/160
D72.33/38
D72.33/36
D72.33/37
D72.33/64
D52.39/118
D52.SS/26
F34/36
F34/37
D13.43/13
D13.43/14
A48.2/38
D13.3/63
Compass
NE\,V BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS
Iotes on the Vian compass, tr. from the French by C. L. Seward. Bureau
of Standards. n. cl. 31 p. Photostated drawing, diag.
Description of French gyroclinometer. In French and English. M. I. D.
2081-386. France 3691-W. Nov. 29, 1922. 18 p. Illus.
Optical altitude indicator for night landing; by J. A. C. \!\Tarner. Na­tional
Advi sorv Committee for Aeronautics. Technical Notes No. 123.
J anuary, 1923. - 5 p. Photographs, diags.
Calibration of two special pitot-static tubes tested in l\if cConk Field 14-
inch wind tunnel. Airplane Section. McCook Field. Oct. 24, 25, 1922. 14
p. Drawings, charts.
Parachutes.
Report on parachute compettt10n organized by the Italian Ministry of
War. M. I. D. 2086-326. Italy 6758. ON 12484. Nov. 20, 1922. 3 p.
Photostats.
FUELS AND LUBRICANTS.
Report of work being done at Bureau of Standards on reclamation of
used petroleum lubricating oils, new method for determining the rate of
sulphation of storage battery plates, multi-layer coils for radio apparatus, etc.
Jan. 9, 1923. 12 p.
MATERIALS.
General.
Airship standard materials. May 18, 1922. Large document, drawings.
List of Canadian Air Force specifications for aircraft materials and com­ponents.
List No: 4. J an., 1923. 2 p.
Review by Lloyd Lamborn of the Technology of cellulose esters, a
masterful treatise on the hi story and status of the art of manufacturing of
nitro-cellulose, pyroxyline, gun-cotton , collodion, artificial silk, lac;quers, vis­cose,
viscoid, celluloid, etc.; by E. C. Worden. From Chemical Age. June,
1921. 4 p. Photostat.
Dopes, Paints, Etc.
Two booklets on Titanine airplane dopes and finishing materials. 1922.
Paint protection for duralumin; by H. A. Gardner. Navy Dept. Bureau
of Aeronautics. Technical Note No. 233. Dec. 15, 1922. 1 p.
Specifications for nitro-cellulose syrup. Canadian Air Force specifica­tion
2D-8. Nov., 1921. 4 p. Drawings.
Specification for zinc oxide. Canadian Air Force specification D-27.
Nov., 1921. 1 p.
Specification for castor oil for use in the manufacture of nitro-dope cover­ings.
Canadian Air Force specification 2D.5. Feb., 1921. 2 p.
Specification for identification colors and matt black covering. Canadian
Air Force specification 2D103a. Mar., 1922. 2 p.
D13.3/ 64
Compass
D13.3/ 4
J nclinometer
D13.3/ 10
Altimeter
D13.3/2
P itot Tubes
D52.91/5
D00.12/ 69
T.N.B.
D00.15/ 1
Airships
D00.15/ 2
Misc.
A60/ 15
Dll.23/ 168
Dll.23/ 167
D00.15/ 13
Dope
D00.15/ 14
Dope
D00.15/15
Dope
D00.15/ 16
Dope
35
36 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
Specification for ultramarine blue. Canadian Air Force specification
D.31. Nov., 1921. 2 p.
Specification for carbon black. Canadian Air Force specification D30.
Nov. , 1921. 1 p.
Specification for yellow ochre. Canadian Air Force specification D.26.
Nov., 1921. 2 p.
Gases.
Aanalysis of natural gas and illuminating gas by frictional distillation at
low temperatures and pressures; by G. A. Burrell and others. Bureau of
Mines. Technical pape No. 104. Eel. 1. July, 1915.
Sampling and examination of mine gases and natural gas; by G. A. Bur­nell
and F . M. Siebert. Bureau of Mines. Bulletin No. 42. 1913. 116 p.
Illus.
Relative usefullness of gases of different heating value and adjustments
of burners for changes in heating value and specific gravity; by W. M. Berry
and others. Bureau of Standards. Technologic papers No. 222. Oct. 1, 1922.
91 p. Illus.
Apparatus for the measurement of specific gravity of gases in quantities;
by Alfred Blackie. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Fuel
Research Board, Technical paper No. 5. Nov., 1922. 6 p. Drawing.
Gases in metals; I. The determination of combined nitrogen in iron and
steel and the change in form of nitrogen by heat treatment; by Louis Jordon
and F. E . Swinclells. Bureau of Standards. Scientific papers No. 457. Nov.
8, 1922. 13 p. Diag.
Metals.
Fatigue in metals; by C. F. Jenkin. Royal Aeronautical Society. Dec.
7, 1922. 3 p.
Corrosion of metals and materials by acids and alkalies ; by Maurice
Siegel. Dec. 21, 1921. 136 p.
Contents :
1. Introduction.
2. Criticism.
3. Theoretical.
4. Application of corrosi.on data to plant practice.
5. Corrosion results.
6. Bibliography of chemical corrosion.
Report on spirax flexible metallic tubing. McCook Field. Jan. 17, 1923.
2 p.
Aluminum.
Use of aluminum and aluminum alloys in fuel systems for airplanes. Navy
Dept. Bureau of Aeronauti cs. Technical order No. 23. Jan. 15, 1923. 4 p.
Peening or impregnating porous aluminum castings; by Lt. R. Botta.
Navy Dept. Bureau of Aeronautics. Technical Notr. No. 232. Dec. 10, 1922.
2 p.
Copper.
Copper; dealing with commercial copper, metallography, chemical and
physical properties and technology of copper. Bureau of Standards. Circular
No. 73. Ed. 2. Nov. 14, 1922.
D00.15/ 12
Paint
D00.15/ 13
Paint
D00.15/ 14
Paint
Dll.32/ 35
Dll.32/ 36
Dll.32/34
D13.6/58
Dl0.1 / 84
Dl0.1/82
Dl0.1 / 85
Dl0/117
Dl0.13/ 136
Dl0.13/ 134
Dl0.15/12
NEW B OOK S A N D DO C UMENTS
Iron.
Preparation and properties of pure iron alloys; Part 1. Effects of car­bon
and manganese on the mechanical properties of pure iron, by R. R.
Neville and J. B. Cain. Bureau of Standards. Scientific paper No. 453.
Oct. 16, 1922. 33 p. Illus., charts.
Steel.
Structure of Martensitic carbon steels and changes in micro-structur c
which occur upon tempering by H. S. Rawdon and Samuel Epstein. Bureau
of Standards. Scientific papers No. 452. Oct. 9, 1922. 37 illus. Charts.
Suggestions for welding a steel tubular fuselage. McCook Field. Jan.
12, 1923. 2 p. Diags.
Miscellaneous.
Report on TE-23 connecting rod, submitted by Power Plant Section.
Material Section. McCook Field. Jan. 26, 1923. 3 p. Photographs.
Report on \ ,V-lA connecting rod forgings, submitted by Power Plant
Section. Material Section. 1kCook Field. Nov. 24, 1922. 5 p. Photo­graphs.
Report on model Wl engine camshaft rocker lever roller, submitted by
Power Plant Section. Material Section. McCook Field. Dec. 16, 1922. 3 p.
P hotographs.
Wood.
Seasoning of ash; by W. K. Loughborough. Forest Products Laboratory.
Project L-134-9. 66 p. Illus., charts.
Report on two sections of a wing beam for the TP-1 airplane, submitted
by Airplane Section. Material Section. McCook Field. Dec. 2, 1922. 3 p.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
General.
Use of aerial photography in war; by Cesare Antilli. Ministry of War.
Italy. June, 1922. 27 p.
Overseas shipment of photographic material. War Dept. 0. C. A. S.
Letter of in struction No. 75. Dec. 8, 1922. 1 p.
Spectrophoto-electrical sensituity of some halide salts of thallium, lead,
and silver; by \V. W. Coblentz and J. E . Eckford, Bureau of Standards.
Scientific papers No. 456. Nov. 8, 1922. 10 p. Charts.
Acti on of charred paper on the photographic plate and a method of de­ciphering
charred records; by Raymond Davis. Bureau of Standards. Scien­tific
papers No. 454. Oct. 15, 1922. 16 p. Illus., chart.
Handbook on the Universal camera mounting. Air Ministry. Air pub­lication
No. 913. Nov., 1922. 19 p. Illus.
POWER PLANT.
General.
Contest for aerial av1at1011 engines of great endurance to be held in
France, Mar., 1923. M. I. D. 2081-394. France 6450-W. Dec. 13, 1922.
1 p.
Dl0.17 /8
Dl0.11/115
D00.57/14
D52.419/258
D52.41/1
WlA
D52.41/ l
W-1
Dll.1/283
D52.331/ 91
A30.2/30
D00.12/76
1922-No. 75
A48.2/90
A30.ll / ll
D13.513/24
D52.41/ 7
Misc. French
37
38 T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N N o. 32
Table of characteristics of aviation engine!') displayed at the 8th aero­nautical
exposition, Paris, 1922. M. I. D. 183-13/2. France 6579-'vV. Jan.
9, 1923. 1 p.
New equipment for testing light engines in the aeronautical laboratory of
the Royal Polytechnic Institute, Turin; by Antonio Capetti. National Ad­visory
Committee for Aeronautics. Sept., 1922. 10 p. Photostats, drawing._
Consolidated engin~ reports covering engines at various government fields.
Report for week ending December 1, 1922.
Study of the velocity flame propagation in the cylinders of aircraft en­gines
by D. MacKenzie and others. Bureau of Standards. April 26, 1919.
9 p. Photograph, drawings.
Reduction gears for aeronautical engines. In French. Bulletin Tech­nique
No. 10. Service Technique de l' Aeronautique. Oct., 1922. 30 p.
Charts.
Description of "AM" flexible hose connection. In French and English.
M. I. D. 2081 -391. France 6422-W. Dec. 7, 1922. 12 p. Illus., photo­stated
drawing.
Armstrong-Siddeley.
Visit to Armstrong Siclcleley Motors, Ltd., describing new test stand used
for testing both air-cooled and water-cooled engines. M. I. D. 2083-526/ 3.
England 13. R-14669. Nov. 28, 1922. 2 p. Sketch.
Lawrance.
Instructions for the care of Lawrance n1odel L-4 engine in service.
Lawrence Aero Engine Corporation. Dec., 1922. 24 p. Illus., drawings.
Napier "Lion."
Instructions concerning engine bearer clearances on Napier Lion en­gines.
Notice to ground engineers No. 10 of the year 1922. Air Ministry.
Oct. 31, 1922. 1 p.
Salmson.
Characteristics of the Salmson engine, type CM 18. Tr. from Societe
des Moteurs Salmson. n. cl. 2 p.
Wright.
Symbol for \i\Tright A engines with dry sump. \ i\Tar Dept. Letter of in­struction
No. 74. Dec. 7, 1922. 1 p.
Photographs of \i\Tright engine installed in Fokker airplane. n. d.
Carburetors.
Report on Jordan kerosene carburetor. Bureau of Standards. May 7,
1919. 9 p. Drawings, charts.
Instructions on needle valve movement on Liberty-Zenith carburetor
model U. S. 52. \ i\Tar Dept. 0. C. A. S. Letter of instruction No. 77. Dec.
22, 1922. 1 p. Drawings.
Comparative power and economy tests of N. A. D. 4 and modified N. A.
D. 4 Stromberg carburetors, made by the Aeronautical Engine Laboratory,
Navy y ;arcl. Sept. 2, 1922. 9 p. Photostatecl drawings, charts.
D52.41 / 8
::vi isc. French.
D13.6/ 57
D00.12/59
1922-Dec.
D52.417 / 11
D00.12/ 126
1922-No. 10
D52.419/ 257
D13.6/32
D52.41/ 4
Lawrance
D00.12/95
1922-No. 10
D52.41/1
Salmson
D00.12/ 76
1922--No. 74
D52.41/ 11
Wright
D52.411/123
D00.12/ 76
1922-N"o. 77
D52.411/124
~EW BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS
Fuel System.
Installation of screen over outlet fuel line. Navy Dept. Bureau of Aero­nautics.
Technical order No. 22. Nov. 20, 1922. 1 p. Diag.
Starters.
Proper method of packing Bijur starters for shipment. War Dept. 0.
C. A. S. Letter of instruction No. 73. Dec. 6, 1.922. 1 p.
Description of Letom:b self-starter. M. I. D. 2081-350. France 6030-W.
Sept. 21 , 1922. 4 p. Photostated drawings.
Supercharger.
Photographs showing installation of the Rateau turbo-compressor on a
300 H. P. Renault engine. M. I. D. 2081-404. France 6515. Dec. 22, 1922.
1 p. Photographs.
RADIO.
Report of sub-committee E on radio telephony. Radio ResearcJ1 Board.
Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1922. 8 p.
Radio compass station calibrated arc at Pensacola, Florida. Notice to
aviators No. 1. an. 1, 1923. 1 p.
Description and operation of an electron-tube detector unit for simple
radio receiving outfits. Bureau of Standards. Circular No. 133. Nov. 10,
1922. 21 p. Illus., drawings.
D52.413/276
D00.12/ 76
1922-No. 73
D52.415/ 11
D52.43/53
D13.41/157
A00/40
1923-No. 1
D13.44/83
39